WHOI-90-52

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The North Atlantic Treaty Ort:anization (NATO) was established in 1949 as an international organization for the common defense of all members. It includes as members a number of western Europe countres as well as Canada and the Unite States. NATO serves as a forum for the planning and discussion of milta, politica, and ecnomic issues. Frace parcipates only in nonmilta activities. NATO includes a Division of Scientific and Environmenta Affairs which advises NATO's sereta-genera on scientific issues and which sponsors a program of scientific exchanges among members. In 1969, NATO organize the Committe on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) which has sponsored cooperative resech leading to policy proposas on environmenta problems. In 1959, NATO established an antisubmarne warfare (now "underse") resech center at La Spezia, Itay, known as the Supreme Alled Commander Atlantic Underse Resech Centre (SACLANTCEN). SACLANTCEN has an annua budget of approximately $25 milion, with much of its technica and financial support coming from the U.S. and British navies. The Center has been involved primarly in physica ocographic and oc engineering resech. Some of its speific tehnologica emphases have included the development of prototyp instruments such as long-range towed hydrophone arays; moored and bottom mounted sonar sensors; doppler sonar buoys; and towed oscilating boies for continuous profiling. SACLANTCEN has recently taen delivery of anew, state-of-the-ar ocographic resech vessel, the R. V. Allance. The Nordic Council (NC) was founded in 19<strong>52</strong> primarly on the basis of existing informal relationships among member states. The NC and its affiliate, the Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM), were founded to enhance coperation among Scadinavian countres and to set up jointly-sponsored economic and scientific institutions. The NC issues "recommendations" to the NCM and to its member governments. Denmark's membership in both the EC and the NC is believed by some observers to facilitate the harmonization of national economic policies across the EC frontier. In this sense, the NC may provide an additional boost to the efforts of EFT A members. In 1973, the NCM organized the Nordic Fund for Industral and Technologica Development (NIT) to issue grants, loans, and subsidies for industral R&D projects that are of interest to more than one member. Sometimes referred to as a "Nordic Eureka," in 1986 the fund support 40 percent of 130 R&D projects costing $45 milion.14 The Europe Science Foundation (ESF) draws its membership from some 50 grant-makng agencies in 18 Europe countres, including Finland and Turkey. This membership gives the ESF a degree of influence much greater than its own budget of roughly $2 millon would suggest: projects backed by ESF se money are likely to recive favorable attention from national funding agencies. In the marne setor, the ESF supports activities in geoscience and oc circulation. The ESF Consortium for Oc Drillng (ECOD), consisting of organizations 14 In 1987, NFITD published a brochure describing severa kinds of advance tehnologies including MEI technologies such as multibeam echosounders, subse positioning systems, ship eah stations, INMARSAT coast ea stations, and naval tehnologies (NIT, 1987). 23
from 12 Europe countres, has been a full member of the Oc Drillng Program (ODP) since June 1986. (FRG, France, and the U.K. are individua members of ODP.) ECOD representatives paricipate in JOIDES Science Advisory activities to guide the ODP, and scientists from ECOD member states paricipate in OPD cruises. The ESF Committee for the World Ocea Circulation Experiment (WOCE) was set up in June 1988 to coordinate Europe involvement in what is perceived to be a central element of world climate resech. The Committee is promoting a series of EURO-WOCE workshops to discuss the scientific content and organizational aspets of Europe parcipation in WOCE (ESF, 1988). In West Germany, an interesting cross-setoral institution named GEOMAR has been established to conduct marne scientific resech and tehnologica development. At present, GEOMAR is structured as two distinct institutions: the GEOMAR resech center ("Institute") is intended to conduct scientific resech and the GEOMAR Technologie GmbH (GTG) wil develop and spinoff tehnologies, such as electronic instruments. The Institute is informally affiliate with the neaby University of KieL. Its budget has been funded at DM 5 millon over five yeas by the federal ministry for reseach and technology, the BMFT, and the local laender government of Schleswig-Holstein. GTG is a joint venture among several private companies and has been capitaized at DM 60,00 for 1988-89. The two institutions wil be bound together through a joint venture agreement that currently is under negotiation. The principals of GEOMAR plan to model the development of the joint institution after the large ocographic institutions in the United States, such as <strong>WHOI</strong> and SIO. Analysis: Trade and Investment Implications A fundamenta question for U.S. firms is whether or not the integration of the common market wil change existing trade and investment implications significatly. U.S. MEI firms already compete with firms in Europe, espeially those in France, West Germany, Itay, the United Kingdom, and Norway (and to a much lesser extent in Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark), 15 In each of these countres, except the United Kingdom for saes in the latter's home markets. (14%), the U.S. share of imports into that countr is below 10 percent. U.S. direct investment in the electrc and electronic equipment setor is small, in all cases under 5 percent. Moreover, the United States has overall trade surpluses only with the Netherlands and France (DoS, 1989). Two general issues that traditionally have affected the competitive position of U.S. firms in international trade in MEI deserve our attention here, albeit briefly. These issues concern the procurement policies of national governments (for example, "buy national" rules) and the establishment of technical stadards. These and other nontaff barers to trade (NBs) are being addresse within the common market itself. The final form of revise or harmonized trade barer policies wil be subject to review through the General Agreement on Tarffs and Trade (GATT) multilateral trade negotiation process, although the extent to which common market 15 Although we note that the size of the market for marne electronics in the United States is much larger than that in any of the individual countries of Europe. 24
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Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Thirteen short papers addr
Page 7 and 8: The Status and Promise of Electroni
Page 9 and 10: During the two yeas we have been at
Page 11 and 12: There is currently a major debate r
Page 13 and 14: The Inuence of Japanes Industrial T
Page 15 and 16: profier, an ocea acoustic tomograph
Page 17 and 18: manufacturing would predict between
Page 19 and 20: References Advisory Committee for T
Page 21 and 22: e both winners and losers from the
Page 23 and 24: ecause they are major end users of
Page 25 and 26: A final, but not insignificat, set
Page 27 and 28: Europen Programs in Marne Science a
Page 29: proposa included a line item speifi
Page 33 and 34: ut other industres have been affect
Page 35 and 36: Indee, if barers fall, the effect c
Page 37 and 38: References Andre, M. 1987. Resech a
Page 39 and 40: Peet, G. 1986. Techniques and metho
Page 41 and 42: These statistics becme a reaity dur
Page 43 and 44: should make it easier to coordinate
Page 45 and 46: proposas submitted to SBIR and appr
Page 47 and 48: An Overview of Technology Transfer
Page 49 and 50: follow the fortunes of that industr
Page 51 and 52: choosing resech paths. In general,
Page 53 and 54: Foundation (NSF) in 1985 and 1988,
Page 55 and 56: In the field of ocography, spin-off
Page 57 and 58: Opponunities for technology transfe
Page 59 and 60: "Strategic Allnces" as an approach
Page 61 and 62: summar then, the desired result of
Page 63 and 64: international ecnomic competitivene
Page 65 and 66: NAT LABS , .. R&D .... ... í7 I DE
Page 67 and 68: the radar were "burned in" for a pe
Page 69 and 70: Differences between ~ Defense am ~
Page 71 and 72: chemica industr's 1989 R&D.2S Bang
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Page 75 and 76: pretty nealy global. Except for the
Page 77 and 78: Stadard-C wil disappoint some users
Page 79 and 80: Introduction The Status and Promi o
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optional feature of some systems. T
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in order to tae full advantage of t
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Fishermen and operators of workboat
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of the inherent limitations of rada
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One example is an America Petroleum
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intensification of domestic aquacul
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System Output The system output inc
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Although the geographica sce of pro
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In contrast with the heavily use wa
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"works." The tida data (Figure 2, p
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". o ,. - LI u . '- 0 o .c 0: 0: ::
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Concluding Remarks Obviously we are
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All is not new. Commentators someti
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of academic resech is critica, both
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stang point, the model allows the p
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of exchange among the university an
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and progras. Benefits, on the other
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14: 10 Technology Transfer and Inte
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15:30 Where do we stad now? Gary Gl
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Dr. Allyn C. Vine Mr. Malte von Mat
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50272.101 PAGE WHOI.90.52 REPORT DO
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