WHOI-90-52

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Although individual countries maintan their own resech programs, increasingly, the Europe approach to R&D has becme a quasi-cooperative one, in which large-sce, well-promote projects are organized by international organizations. National scientific efforts thus are "coordinated" to reduce the potential for duplicated efforts. These projects are heavily "leveraged" in the sense that parcipants must bring substatial financial and in-kind contrbutions to the project and international funds account for only a small proporton of the tota. Cross-setoral technology transfer is emphasize and encouraged. Most of these resech investments are only beginning to provide "returns" in a qualitative sense, and the success of these programs has not been fully determined. Most Western Europe countres are members of the Europe Community (EC) or "common market" . 11 In October of 1986, the Europe Parliament issued an advisory resolution on the establishment of an EC marne resech institute. The Europe Parliament found that: . . . there is a serious lack of Community coordination in this field, leading to a substantial waste of fund, a surplus of logistical capacity and, hence, reduced economic and scientifc effcienc. . . . /Tlhe oceans represent an area with vast potential to which access can be gained and which can be exploited only through advanced technology. . . . fHligh technology projects in the field of oceanography can have a mobilzing effect both on growth industries and among the peoples of Europe (emphais add) (BP, 1986). Under the provisions of the Single Europe Act of 1987, the EC increase its own efforts (distinct from but in concert with its member states) in such areas as R&D, environmenta protection, and others. In 1987, the Commission of the Europe Communities (CEC) propose its third five yea "Framework Programme of Community Activities in the Field of Resech and Technological Development" (Andre, 1987). For the first time, the Framework Programme 11 Four other countries, including Norway and Finland, are members of the Europe Free Trade Association (EFTA), a seond importt combination of Europe politica jurisdictions for the purpses of trde enhancement. Since 1966, EFTA members have engaged in free trde in industral goos among themselves. Individually, each EFT A member has negotiate agreements with the EC for free trade in industral goos, and, under the provisions of the "Luxembourg Declaration" of 1984, EFTA and EC have agree to foster increase free trade and to cooperate in R&D and other areas. However, EFT A differs from the EC in that its formation was a result of what Wallace describes as "negative reasons" directed toward the rejection of "positive and extensive" collaboration. Much more than EC members, EFT A countres se themselves as economicaly independent, politicaly sovereign, and miltaly neutral. These factors act to distinguish EFT A members from their EC counterpars and may preclude the full parcipation of EFT A members in the potential benefits of an integrated common market. As a result, EFT A, like the United States and Japan, finds itself on the outside lookig in at EC92 with concern. 21
proposa included a line item speificaly for marne science and technology (MAST). In March of 1989, the MAST program was adopted offcially by the EC Council of Ministers with a budget of roughly $50 milion to be spent over the remaining three yeas of the Framework Programme.12 (This budget is just under one percent of the tota EC Framework Programme budget--in line with the proportonal spending of national governments on marne science and technology as shown in Table 3.) The MAST program is administrtively house within the EC's Directorate General for Science, Resech and Technologica Development. 13 The "tehnica content" of the program itself is quite ambitious, encompassing a full aray of basic and applied marne science resech areas. MAST is intended to operate as a science "foundation" by funding resech proposas up to a level of 50 percent of the tota project cost. The proposas must involve a combination of institutions (from any setor--public, nonprofit, commercial) from at least two countres. Of speial importce to the MEI industr is the inclusion of a set of projects that wil be funded under the umbrella: "instrmentation for science." These projects wil provide funding for: (1) physical, chemica, and biologica sensors; (2) modular integrated sensor systems (including instrments for use on ROVs); (3) long term in situ measurement instrments; and (4) nondisturbing sampling instrumeIits (including laser and acoustic techniques). The EC itself wil conduct "technico-economic feasibilty studies" including a comprehensive study of the ocographic instrmentation setor of the Europe MEI industry (MAST, 1988). An even larger program of resech has been organize through the EUREKA framework. EUREKA is a set of unique advance tehnology R&D projects that have been organized as collaborative resech efforts. Nineteen Europe countres and the EC are members of the EUREKA framework (Lurent, 1987). It was established ostensibly as a response to the U.S. strategic defense initiative (SDI) effort, but EUREKA does n~t focus on defense technologies. One of its projects, EUROMAR, was organized in 1985 to sponsor transnational, advance technology projects with "application in the protection, exploitation or management of the marne environment and resources." EUROMAR is compose of 18 separte resech projects, eight of which include the development of MEI tehnologies. The latter projects wil last from one to five yeas and tota approximately $50 milion (about 1 percent of funding for all EUREKA projects). Funding for EUROMAR comes primarly from member governments and parcipant institutions, with only a smal proporton (probably less than 10 percent) from poled EUREKA funds (cf. Dickson, 1988). 12 A stated objective of the MAST program as adopted by the Council of Ministers is "to strengthen industral competitiveness" (MAST, 1989). 13 The EC has its own resech entity, the Joint Resech Centre, which increasingly has begun to focus on "prenormative" resech. The JRC does not conduct marne resech speifically, although it does have a program of satellte remote sensing that includes the monitoring of ocea pollution. At the JRC resech center in Ispra, Itay, a spetroradiometer has been develope as par of this work. 22
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Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT Thirteen short papers addr
Page 7 and 8: The Status and Promise of Electroni
Page 9 and 10: During the two yeas we have been at
Page 11 and 12: There is currently a major debate r
Page 13 and 14: The Inuence of Japanes Industrial T
Page 15 and 16: profier, an ocea acoustic tomograph
Page 17 and 18: manufacturing would predict between
Page 19 and 20: References Advisory Committee for T
Page 21 and 22: e both winners and losers from the
Page 23 and 24: ecause they are major end users of
Page 25 and 26: A final, but not insignificat, set
Page 27: Europen Programs in Marne Science a
Page 31 and 32: from 12 Europe countres, has been a
Page 33 and 34: ut other industres have been affect
Page 35 and 36: Indee, if barers fall, the effect c
Page 37 and 38: References Andre, M. 1987. Resech a
Page 39 and 40: Peet, G. 1986. Techniques and metho
Page 41 and 42: These statistics becme a reaity dur
Page 43 and 44: should make it easier to coordinate
Page 45 and 46: proposas submitted to SBIR and appr
Page 47 and 48: An Overview of Technology Transfer
Page 49 and 50: follow the fortunes of that industr
Page 51 and 52: choosing resech paths. In general,
Page 53 and 54: Foundation (NSF) in 1985 and 1988,
Page 55 and 56: In the field of ocography, spin-off
Page 57 and 58: Opponunities for technology transfe
Page 59 and 60: "Strategic Allnces" as an approach
Page 61 and 62: summar then, the desired result of
Page 63 and 64: international ecnomic competitivene
Page 65 and 66: NAT LABS , .. R&D .... ... í7 I DE
Page 67 and 68: the radar were "burned in" for a pe
Page 69 and 70: Differences between ~ Defense am ~
Page 71 and 72: chemica industr's 1989 R&D.2S Bang
Page 73 and 74: We are seing a high use of facsimil
Page 75 and 76: pretty nealy global. Except for the
Page 77 and 78: Stadard-C wil disappoint some users
Page 79 and 80:
Introduction The Status and Promi o
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optional feature of some systems. T
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in order to tae full advantage of t
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Fishermen and operators of workboat
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of the inherent limitations of rada
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One example is an America Petroleum
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intensification of domestic aquacul
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System Output The system output inc
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Although the geographica sce of pro
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In contrast with the heavily use wa
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"works." The tida data (Figure 2, p
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". o ,. - LI u . '- 0 o .c 0: 0: ::
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Concluding Remarks Obviously we are
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All is not new. Commentators someti
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of academic resech is critica, both
Page 109 and 110:
stang point, the model allows the p
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of exchange among the university an
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and progras. Benefits, on the other
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14: 10 Technology Transfer and Inte
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15:30 Where do we stad now? Gary Gl
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Dr. Allyn C. Vine Mr. Malte von Mat
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50272.101 PAGE WHOI.90.52 REPORT DO
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WHOI-90-52

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