Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ã bo Akademi

APPENDIX IClassification of countries that have adopted electoral systems between 1945 and 1974 intodemocracies and non-democraciesBrazil – List PR 1945Brazil replaced its mixed system with list PR in 1945 (Lamounier and Muszynski 1993: 132-135). According to Vanhanen’s ID, some degree of democracy (ID 6.38) resulted from the 1945elections. Before that, however, Brazil scores 0 in the Polyarchy dataset. Consequently, Brazilwas non-democratic when list PR was adopted in 1945.France – List PR 1945France introduced a pure proportional system for the first time in 1945. TBM had been used inevery election since 1928 (Flora, Kraus and Rothenbacher 2000: 322). France has consistentlybeen democratic since the late nineteenth century and is, accordingly, regarded a democracy in1945.Ecuador – List PR 1946Ecuador introduced list PR in 1946 after having used a plurality system since 1861 (for directlegislative elections). The country was subjected to José Ibarra’s dictatorship until 1947, andscores 0 in the Polyarchy dataset between 1944 and 1947 (Juárez and Navas 1993: 291-320).Consequently, Ecuador was not democratic in 1946.Vietnam – BV 1946Vietnam became independent in 1945 and held its first direct national elections in 1946(Hartmann 2001e: 321-324). Despite regular elections since 1946, Vietnam has neverexperienced democracy.Japan – SNTV 1946Japan adopted SNTV along with a new constitution in 1946. The first democratic elections wereheld in 1947 (Klein 2001: 355-363). Before that, Japan does not score higher than 2.54 in thePolyarchy dataset. Accordingly, Japan was not democratic in 1946.Venezuela – List PR 1946Venezuela introduced list PR in 1946. Indirect elections had been held before that (Thibaut 1993:779-790). Thus, Venezuela was not a democracy prior to the 1947 elections.Turkey – BV 1946The 1946 electoral law in Turkey introduced direct elections based on BV (Schüler 2001: 233-248). Before the parliamentary elections the same year, Turkey scores 0 in the Polyarchy dataset;thereby being a non-democracy when BV was adopted.Guatemala – Mixed-coexistence 1946Guatemala adopted a mixed system in 1946. The last elections had been held in 1944, afterwhich a military junta continued until 1945. In 1945 a somewhat liberal constitution was adopted233