Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi

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Proportional systems – comparison group, continuedCountry Democracy Party system fragmentationNorway yes 6.19Paraguay yes 4.21Peru yes 6.63Poland yes 4.50Portugal yes 3.15Romania yes 5.38San Marino yes 3.55Sao Tome and Principe yes 2.94Slovakia yes 8.86Slovenia yes 5.13South Africa yes 1.97Spain yes 3.13Sri Lanka yes 2.71Suriname yes 3.77Sweden yes 4.53Switzerland yes 4.69Turkey no 5.44Uruguay yes 2.61264
REFERENCESAhmed, Nizam. 2001. “Bangladesh”. In Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz and Christof Hartmann(eds), Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress.Albertini, Rudolf von. 1982. European Colonial Rule, 1880-1940. The Impact of the West onIndia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Oxford: Clio Press.Anckar, Carsten. 1998. Storlek och partisystem: en studie av 77 stater. Åbo: Åbo Akademisförlag.Anckar, Carsten. 2000. ‘Size and Party System Fragmentation’. Party Politics 6: 305-328.Anckar, Carsten. 2002. Effekter av valsystem: en studie av 80 stater. Stockholm: SNS förlag.Anckar, Carsten. 2003. “From Fusion of Powers to Separation of Powers - A QuantitativeMeasure of Form of Government”. Paper presented at the 19 th IPSA World Congress in Durban,June 29 to July 4, 2003. Panel: GP6-343: Democracy and Authoritarianism: Which Way to Go?Anckar, Carsten. 2004. “Some Reflections on the Applicability of the Most Similar SystemsDesign and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research”. Manuscript. ÅboAkademi University.Anckar, Carsten, Mårten Eriksson and Jutta Leskinen. 2002. Measuring Ethnic, Linguistic andReligious Fragmentation in the World. Åbo: Åbo Akademi University.Anckar, Dag. 2002. “Valsystem i lilleputtar: pluralitet och diffusion”. Politiikka 1: 4-17.Anckar, Dag. 2004. “Regime Choices in Microstates: The Cultural Constraint”. Commonwealth& Comparative Politics 42: 206-223.Anckar, Dag and Lauri Karvonen. 2004. “Constitutional Amendment Methods in theDemocracies of the World”. Manuscript. Åbo Akademi University.Axtmann, Dirk. 1999. “Algeria”. In Dieter Nohlen, Michael Krennerich and Bernhard Thibaut(eds), Elections in Africa: A Data Handbook. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Axtmann, Dirk. 2001. “Iraq”. In Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz and Christof Hartmann (eds),Elections in Asia and the Pacific. A Data Handbook. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Barkan, Joel D. 1998. “Rethinking the Applicability of Proportional Representation for Africa”.In Timothy Sisk and Andrew Reynolds (eds), Elections and Conflict Management in Africa.Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.265
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Krister LundellContextual Determina
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CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
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CIP Cataloguing in PublicationLunde
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at Åbo Akademi University, the Fac
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3.2 Explanations of Electoral Syste
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9. CONCLUSION 2239.1 The Rational P
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politics. Both approaches bear rele
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electoral system choice as an epoch
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1.2 The Importance of Electoral Sys
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Within the range of democratic inst
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will depend on the specific cleavag
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Before describing different voting
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2.1.1 Ballot StructureThe ballot st
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formula, and the variety of elector
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ather be regarded as a characterist
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2.2.1 Plurality Systems2.2.1.1 Sing
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mixture of BV and PBV. In my classi
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Weaver 1984: 198-199). CV implies t
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total election, often pull out of t
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disadvantage is that it presupposes
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parties and minority groups. Furthe
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simultaneously avoiding disproporti
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and Blais. They also agree that the
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Whether one formula applies or not
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difficult. Even an independent comb
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attention to all three main dimensi
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(national, regional and local lists
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The degree of proportionality also
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variables: ethnic and cultural dive
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smallest category, representing 15
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democracies. 12 Nevertheless, the g
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(Vanuatu) are represented by merely
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3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this cha
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ecognition of opposing views in the
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systems. If we reformulate the ques
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the rules, the lack of knowledge is
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not. Consequently, their analysis c
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proportional electoral systems. He
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groups as possible, to avoid attemp
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associated with certain features an
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also called electoral engineering.
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(2002: 14). Public opinion, often e
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Similar reform societies were estab
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systematically favor or disfavor ce
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interests based on ascriptive commu
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argues, both majorities and minorit
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A more popular form of recognizing
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Among the three basic majoritarian
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politics. When universal suffrage w
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and no electoral threshold in order
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threatened to change the current el
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inadequate since electoral systems
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electoral reform is likely to occur
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main advocates of proportional repr
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whereas majoritarian systems prevai
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The rational learning model sees po
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3.2.4.1 Colonial LegacyColonial leg
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Different colonial powers administe
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The Australian and American colonia
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epresented the “wave of the democ
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The second wave of democratization
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parliamentary elections, particular
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parliamentary or presidential gover
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measure of ethnic and cultural dive
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medium size. The other 40 per cent
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size and electoral systems, two str
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that have previously held general e
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The association between party syste
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democratization process. Neverthele
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The occurrence of list PR in former
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Third, an electoral system must exi
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Three matters are of interest in co
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according to Lijphart’s definitio
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3.3.3.2 Territorial OrganizationA n
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to the whole territory. Countries a
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or non-existence of an ‘additiona
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subset of the world’s countries,
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Concerning data on party system fra
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22). 30 Nevertheless, the coded yea
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(1) free and fair elections of the
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(e.g. 1984; 1990). The index is bas
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standards and Mauritius was democra
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Table 5.1. Ethnic and cultural frag
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Table 5.4. Ethnic and cultural frag
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values. Each integer of the logarit
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is also quite large, and therefore
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1966, and Cyprus 1981. Suriname ado
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significant. 36 The large standard
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small standard deviation values ind
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samples with changes to mixed syste
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a consequence of the party system t
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eplace plurality systems with mixed
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former British colonies did not inh
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Table 6.2. Colonial legacy and elec
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impact on the dependent variable wh
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(1993). All these countries adopted
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On the basis of figure 2.1 in secti
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their electoral systems. Bulgaria a
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as a general determinant of institu
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The average population size among c
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Only two federal states chose elect
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any major role. Regional diffusion,
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Plurality systems dominate the thir
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inherit the plurality system but al
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popular system between 1945 and 199
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presidential countries. Only Lebano
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legislative bodies are distinguishe
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legislative relations should also t
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etween independent and dependent va
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least 90 cases. Notwithstanding, as
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Table 8.1. Patterns of diffusion an
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Page 229 and 230: territorial organization and chambe
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Page 233 and 234: the rational perspective, since it
Page 235 and 236: 9. CONCLUSIONThis study is a contri
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Page 239 and 240: doubt that electoral systems affect
Page 241 and 242: The third variable within the cultu
Page 243 and 244: 9.4 Final RemarksThe impact of the
Page 245 and 246: APPENDIX IClassification of countri
Page 247 and 248: Sri Lanka - SMP 1948The Constitutio
Page 249 and 250: Laos - SMP-BV 1953Laos achieved ful
Page 251 and 252: Greece - List PR 1958After having a
Page 253 and 254: Madagascar - Super-mixed 1960The 19
Page 255 and 256: Iran - SMP-BV 1963In 1963, Iran ado
Page 257 and 258: Polyarchy dataset between 1960 and
Page 259 and 260: Morocco - SMP 1970The 1970 Constitu
Page 261 and 262: APPENDIX IICountry (year of elector
Page 263 and 264: Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 265 and 266: Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 267 and 268: APPENDIX IIICountry (year of electo
Page 269 and 270: Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 271 and 272: Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 273 and 274: APPENDIX IVParty system fragmentati
Page 275: Proportional systems - change from
Page 279 and 280: Blais, André and R. K. Carty. 1987
Page 281 and 282: Duverger, Maurice. 1984. “Which I
Page 283 and 284: Hartmann, Christof. 1999b. “Cote
Page 285 and 286: Koch, Christian. 2001. “Kuwait”
Page 287 and 288: Lijphart, Arend. 2002. “The Wave
Page 289 and 290: Norris, Pippa. 1995. “Introductio
Page 291 and 292: Riker, William H. 1982. “The Two-
Page 293 and 294: Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shug
Page 295: Why have countries in different par
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