Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi

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Contextual Determinants ofElectoral System ChoiceA Macro-Comparative Study 1945–2003Krister LundellÅBO 2005ÅBO AKADEMIS FÖRLAG – ÅBO AKADEMI UNIVERSITY PRESS
Page 1 and 2: Krister LundellContextual Determina
Page 3: CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
Page 7 and 8: FOREWORD“The long and winding roa
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS:1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpo
Page 11 and 12: 5.3 Party System Structure 1635.3.1
Page 13 and 14: 1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Purpose of the S
Page 15 and 16: structural circumstances. However,
Page 17 and 18: major change of electoral system in
Page 19 and 20: civilian control over the military
Page 21 and 22: electoral systems before the end of
Page 23 and 24: 2. CLASSIFYING ELECTORAL SYSTEMSThe
Page 25 and 26: There are two exceptions to the app
Page 27 and 28: Ware (1991: 66) point out that ther
Page 29 and 30: Gerrymandering is defined as the de
Page 31 and 32: legislative elections have a negati
Page 33 and 34: occur in systems with a large numbe
Page 35 and 36: more than one vote per elector). SN
Page 37 and 38: un-off election between the most su
Page 39 and 40: given ranking, are set aside. This
Page 41 and 42: Under the highest average system, e
Page 43 and 44: concerning the ballot structure in
Page 45 and 46: Blais, no less than 29 countries, t
Page 47 and 48: majority-assuring feature, Shugart
Page 49 and 50: In the third type of independent co
Page 51 and 52: ather than 5 per cent in distinguis
Page 53 and 54: Twenty-Seven Democracies, 1945-1990
Page 55 and 56:
subtypes: (1) plurality-PR correcti
Page 57 and 58:
Table 2.1. A typology of electoral
Page 59:
districts. These changes are regard
Page 62 and 63:
superposition is still by far the m
Page 64 and 65:
More than 40 per cent of all electo
Page 66 and 67:
Electoral systems were adopted quit
Page 68 and 69:
3.1 Choosing an Electoral System3.1
Page 70 and 71:
3.1.2 Is There a Best System?The se
Page 72 and 73:
dictatorship, wars, the establishme
Page 74 and 75:
a change of electoral rules is most
Page 76 and 77:
The analysis indicates that four se
Page 78 and 79:
countries are more likely to use a
Page 80 and 81:
socialism and the effective number
Page 82 and 83:
made at the same time, put in concr
Page 84 and 85:
maintain that electoral system choi
Page 86 and 87:
supporting each other. One deals wi
Page 88 and 89:
3.2.3.1.1 Electoral System Design i
Page 90 and 91:
628). Electoral system design is th
Page 92 and 93:
Four specific electoral systems are
Page 94 and 95:
votes of members of rival groups. 1
Page 96 and 97:
policies in Australia, Reilly write
Page 98 and 99:
According to the theoretical argume
Page 100 and 101:
3.2.3.2 Actor-Related ProblemsA stu
Page 102 and 103:
Mozaffar also points out that polit
Page 104 and 105:
make decisions on the electoral rul
Page 106 and 107:
Stanislaw Gebethner also supports t
Page 108 and 109:
According to the theory of party sy
Page 110 and 111:
study. As long as all seats are all
Page 112 and 113:
approaches drives waves of diffusio
Page 114 and 115:
Three variables within the cultural
Page 116 and 117:
and Western Sahara belonged to Spai
Page 118 and 119:
occurred in most parts of the Briti
Page 120 and 121:
When political institutions are ado
Page 122 and 123:
In this sense, external imposition
Page 124 and 125:
constitutional structure in setting
Page 126 and 127:
Lijphart concludes: “…the overa
Page 128 and 129:
3.3 Independent Variables3.3.1 The
Page 130 and 131:
Leskinen 2002). Narrowly defined, h
Page 132 and 133:
score lower than bipolar ones. Cons
Page 134 and 135:
attention not only to the number of
Page 136 and 137:
There are, nonetheless, a number of
Page 138 and 139:
preceded by military rule or other
Page 140 and 141:
well be independent of foreign infl
Page 142 and 143:
SMP-BV is made; i.e. the adoption o
Page 144 and 145:
e weighed together. On the whole, e
Page 146 and 147:
new electoral system is decisive. A
Page 148 and 149:
into Communist, nationalistic socia
Page 150 and 151:
of the federal structure rather tha
Page 152 and 153:
members are called Senators but the
Page 154 and 155:
4. RESEARCH DESIGN4.1 Method and Ma
Page 156 and 157:
inary logistic regression, category
Page 158 and 159:
4.2 PopulationThe unit of analysis
Page 160 and 161:
several countries that do not fulfi
Page 162 and 163:
groups, reasonably free referenda,
Page 164 and 165:
of such diagrams results in the fol
Page 166 and 167:
5. THE RATIONAL PERSPECTIVEIn chapt
Page 168 and 169:
fragmentation as well as from mediu
Page 170 and 171:
Table 5.6. Cultural fragmentation a
Page 172 and 173:
Notwithstanding, table 5.8 returns
Page 174 and 175:
Table 5.9. Country size and elector
Page 176 and 177:
change. More exactly, a subset of c
Page 178 and 179:
observed in e.g. South Korea and th
Page 180 and 181:
had a more fragmented party system
Page 182 and 183:
Nepal (1991), Pakistan (1988), Pola
Page 184 and 185:
of processes of regional diffusion
Page 186 and 187:
6. CULTURE AND HISTORY: PATTERNS OF
Page 188 and 189:
Principe - did not adopt electoral
Page 190 and 191:
former French colonies show the opp
Page 192 and 193:
adopted mixed-superposition in 1992
Page 194 and 195:
1614121086420First electoral system
Page 196 and 197:
6.3.2 Temporal Diffusion - Democrat
Page 198 and 199:
second period, and enjoyed some ren
Page 200 and 201:
proportional systems have been imit
Page 202 and 203:
emerge when electoral systems are c
Page 204 and 205:
test, the association between regio
Page 206 and 207:
Half of the 14 cases during the sec
Page 208 and 209:
adopted mixed systems. The Philippi
Page 210 and 211:
much fewer electoral systems in oth
Page 212 and 213:
7. THE INSTITUTIONAL PERSPECTIVE7.1
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comprising the total data sample is
Page 216 and 217:
more related to unicameral regimes.
Page 218 and 219:
8. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS8.1 On the
Page 220 and 221:
The primary method for dealing with
Page 222 and 223:
e made. As to colonial diffusion, f
Page 224 and 225:
Double-checking with four separate
Page 226 and 227:
Table 8.3. Patterns of diffusion, t
Page 228 and 229:
Table 8.5. Three explanatory perspe
Page 230 and 231:
8.3 Multivariate Analysis - Democra
Page 232 and 233:
Table 8.7. Three explanatory perspe
Page 234 and 235:
chosen mixed and proportional syste
Page 236 and 237:
conducted under the majority rule.
Page 238 and 239:
party system structure, a stronger
Page 240 and 241:
French colonial legacy is also of s
Page 242 and 243:
is limited. The third step in the a
Page 244 and 245:
Proportional systems will continue
Page 246 and 247:
(Bendel and Krennerich 1993a: 359-3
Page 248 and 249:
Libya - SMP 1951Libya held five dir
Page 250 and 251:
Greece - Mixed-coexistence 1956Gree
Page 252 and 253:
Chad - BV 1960The first elections i
Page 254 and 255:
Morocco - List PR 1962Morocco’s C
Page 256 and 257:
Western Samoa - SMP-BV 1963Election
Page 258 and 259:
Paraguay - Mixed-fusion 1967Paragua
Page 260 and 261:
Bahamas - SMP 1973The 1964 Constitu
Page 262 and 263:
Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 264 and 265:
Page 266 and 267:
Page 268 and 269:
Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Plurality systems - comparison grou
Page 276 and 277:
Proportional systems - comparison g
Page 278 and 279:
Barrios, Harald. 1993. “Dominikan
Page 280 and 281:
Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Cou
Page 282 and 283:
Freedom House [http://www.freedomho
Page 284 and 285:
Hillebrands, Bernd. 1993f. “Trini
Page 286 and 287:
León-Roesch, Marta and Daniel Samo
Page 288 and 289:
McLean, Iain. 1991. “Forms of Rep
Page 290 and 291:
Rae, Douglas W. and M. Taylor. 1970
Page 292 and 293:
Schmidt, Siegmar and Daniel Stroux.
Page 294 and 295:
Weyland, Kurt. 2005. “Theories of
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