Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Plurality systems – comparison groupCountry Democracy Party system fragmentationAntigua and Barbuda no 2.09Bahamas yes 2.34Bangladesh no 2.59Barbados yes 1.98Belize yes 2.04Botswana yes 2.44Canada yes 3.77Djibouti no 1.88Dominica yes 2.55Grenada yes 2.27India yes 3.92Jamaica yes 2.02Malawi no 2.86Malaysia no 2.23Mongolia yes 2.40Nigeria no 2.62Pakistan no 6.34Samoa yes 3.90St Kitts and Nevis yes 2.70St Lucia yes 2.33St Vincent and Grenadines yes 2.05Trinidad and Tobago yes 2.11United Kingdom yes 3.33United States yes 2.11Yemen no 2.57Zambia no 5.77Zimbabwe no 2.19Proportional systems – change from proportional to plurality systemsCountry Election year Democracy Party system fragmentationCongo (-Kinshasa) I 1965 no 8.50Congo (-Kinshasa) II 1960 no 8.38Greece I 1951 yes 4.15Greece II 1950 yes 8.01262
Proportional systems – change from proportional to mixed systemsCountry Election year Democracy Party system fragmentationEgypt 1984 no 1.78Italy I 1948 yes 2.95Italy II 1946 yes 4.69Italy III 1992 yes 6.64Italy IV 1987 yes 4.62Paraguay 1963 no 1.17Senegal 1978 no 1.43Proportional systems – comparison groupCountry Democracy Party system fragmentationAustria yes 3.02Belgium yes 8.85Benin yes 2.01Bosnia-Herzegovina no 8.99Bulgaria yes 3.95Burkina Faso no 3.67Cambodia no 3.17Chile yes 2.33Colombia no 8.66Costa Rica yes 4.53Cyprus yes 3.78Czech Republic yes 4.82Denmark yes 4.69Dominican Republic yes 3.13El Salvador yes 4.08Estonia yes 5.43Finland yes 5.92Greece yes 2.64Guatemala no 6.57Guyana yes 2.19Honduras yes 2.58Iceland yes 3.93Indonesia no 9.07Ireland yes 4.14Israel yes 7.06Latvia yes 6.82Liberia no 1.73Liechtenstein yes 2.35Luxembourg yes 4.60Malta yes 2.02Moldova yes 3.02Namibia yes 1.67Netherlands yes 4.99Nicaragua yes 2.17Niger no 4.42263
Page 1 and 2:
Krister LundellContextual Determina
Page 3:
CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
Page 6 and 7:
CIP Cataloguing in PublicationLunde
Page 8 and 9:
at Åbo Akademi University, the Fac
Page 10 and 11:
3.2 Explanations of Electoral Syste
Page 12 and 13:
9. CONCLUSION 2239.1 The Rational P
Page 14 and 15:
politics. Both approaches bear rele
Page 16 and 17:
electoral system choice as an epoch
Page 18 and 19:
1.2 The Importance of Electoral Sys
Page 20 and 21:
Within the range of democratic inst
Page 22 and 23:
will depend on the specific cleavag
Page 24 and 25:
Before describing different voting
Page 26 and 27:
2.1.1 Ballot StructureThe ballot st
Page 28 and 29:
formula, and the variety of elector
Page 30 and 31:
ather be regarded as a characterist
Page 32 and 33:
2.2.1 Plurality Systems2.2.1.1 Sing
Page 34 and 35:
mixture of BV and PBV. In my classi
Page 36 and 37:
Weaver 1984: 198-199). CV implies t
Page 38 and 39:
total election, often pull out of t
Page 40 and 41:
disadvantage is that it presupposes
Page 42 and 43:
parties and minority groups. Furthe
Page 44 and 45:
simultaneously avoiding disproporti
Page 46 and 47:
and Blais. They also agree that the
Page 48 and 49:
Whether one formula applies or not
Page 50 and 51:
difficult. Even an independent comb
Page 52 and 53:
attention to all three main dimensi
Page 54 and 55:
(national, regional and local lists
Page 56 and 57:
The degree of proportionality also
Page 58 and 59:
variables: ethnic and cultural dive
Page 61 and 62:
smallest category, representing 15
Page 63 and 64:
democracies. 12 Nevertheless, the g
Page 65 and 66:
(Vanuatu) are represented by merely
Page 67 and 68:
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this cha
Page 69 and 70:
ecognition of opposing views in the
Page 71 and 72:
systems. If we reformulate the ques
Page 73 and 74:
the rules, the lack of knowledge is
Page 75 and 76:
not. Consequently, their analysis c
Page 77 and 78:
proportional electoral systems. He
Page 79 and 80:
groups as possible, to avoid attemp
Page 81 and 82:
associated with certain features an
Page 83 and 84:
also called electoral engineering.
Page 85 and 86:
(2002: 14). Public opinion, often e
Page 87 and 88:
Similar reform societies were estab
Page 89 and 90:
systematically favor or disfavor ce
Page 91 and 92:
interests based on ascriptive commu
Page 93 and 94:
argues, both majorities and minorit
Page 95 and 96:
A more popular form of recognizing
Page 97 and 98:
Among the three basic majoritarian
Page 99 and 100:
politics. When universal suffrage w
Page 101 and 102:
and no electoral threshold in order
Page 103 and 104:
threatened to change the current el
Page 105 and 106:
inadequate since electoral systems
Page 107 and 108:
electoral reform is likely to occur
Page 109 and 110:
main advocates of proportional repr
Page 111 and 112:
whereas majoritarian systems prevai
Page 113 and 114:
The rational learning model sees po
Page 115 and 116:
3.2.4.1 Colonial LegacyColonial leg
Page 117 and 118:
Different colonial powers administe
Page 119 and 120:
The Australian and American colonia
Page 121 and 122:
epresented the “wave of the democ
Page 123 and 124:
The second wave of democratization
Page 125 and 126:
parliamentary elections, particular
Page 127 and 128:
parliamentary or presidential gover
Page 129 and 130:
measure of ethnic and cultural dive
Page 131 and 132:
medium size. The other 40 per cent
Page 133 and 134:
size and electoral systems, two str
Page 135 and 136:
that have previously held general e
Page 137 and 138:
The association between party syste
Page 139 and 140:
democratization process. Neverthele
Page 141 and 142:
The occurrence of list PR in former
Page 143 and 144:
Third, an electoral system must exi
Page 145 and 146:
Three matters are of interest in co
Page 147 and 148:
according to Lijphart’s definitio
Page 149 and 150:
3.3.3.2 Territorial OrganizationA n
Page 151 and 152:
to the whole territory. Countries a
Page 153 and 154:
or non-existence of an ‘additiona
Page 155 and 156:
subset of the world’s countries,
Page 157 and 158:
Concerning data on party system fra
Page 159 and 160:
22). 30 Nevertheless, the coded yea
Page 161 and 162:
(1) free and fair elections of the
Page 163 and 164:
(e.g. 1984; 1990). The index is bas
Page 165 and 166:
standards and Mauritius was democra
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5.1. Ethnic and cultural frag
Page 169 and 170:
Table 5.4. Ethnic and cultural frag
Page 171 and 172:
values. Each integer of the logarit
Page 173 and 174:
is also quite large, and therefore
Page 175 and 176:
1966, and Cyprus 1981. Suriname ado
Page 177 and 178:
significant. 36 The large standard
Page 179 and 180:
small standard deviation values ind
Page 181 and 182:
samples with changes to mixed syste
Page 183 and 184:
a consequence of the party system t
Page 185 and 186:
eplace plurality systems with mixed
Page 187 and 188:
former British colonies did not inh
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6.2. Colonial legacy and elec
Page 191 and 192:
impact on the dependent variable wh
Page 193 and 194:
(1993). All these countries adopted
Page 195 and 196:
On the basis of figure 2.1 in secti
Page 197 and 198:
their electoral systems. Bulgaria a
Page 199 and 200:
as a general determinant of institu
Page 201 and 202:
The average population size among c
Page 203 and 204:
Only two federal states chose elect
Page 205 and 206:
any major role. Regional diffusion,
Page 207 and 208:
Plurality systems dominate the thir
Page 209 and 210:
inherit the plurality system but al
Page 211 and 212:
popular system between 1945 and 199
Page 213 and 214:
presidential countries. Only Lebano
Page 215 and 216:
legislative bodies are distinguishe
Page 217 and 218:
legislative relations should also t
Page 219 and 220:
etween independent and dependent va
Page 221 and 222:
least 90 cases. Notwithstanding, as
Page 223 and 224: Table 8.1. Patterns of diffusion an
Page 225 and 226: other systems returns little to exp
Page 227 and 228: extent but the coefficient is small
Page 229 and 230: territorial organization and chambe
Page 231 and 232: there are only two (Gabon and Vanua
Page 233 and 234: the rational perspective, since it
Page 235 and 236: 9. CONCLUSIONThis study is a contri
Page 237 and 238: shows that countries having adopted
Page 239 and 240: doubt that electoral systems affect
Page 241 and 242: The third variable within the cultu
Page 243 and 244: 9.4 Final RemarksThe impact of the
Page 245 and 246: APPENDIX IClassification of countri
Page 247 and 248: Sri Lanka - SMP 1948The Constitutio
Page 249 and 250: Laos - SMP-BV 1953Laos achieved ful
Page 251 and 252: Greece - List PR 1958After having a
Page 253 and 254: Madagascar - Super-mixed 1960The 19
Page 255 and 256: Iran - SMP-BV 1963In 1963, Iran ado
Page 257 and 258: Polyarchy dataset between 1960 and
Page 259 and 260: Morocco - SMP 1970The 1970 Constitu
Page 261 and 262: APPENDIX IICountry (year of elector
Page 263 and 264: Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 265 and 266: Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 267 and 268: APPENDIX IIICountry (year of electo
Page 269 and 270: Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 271 and 272: Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 273: APPENDIX IVParty system fragmentati
Page 277 and 278: REFERENCESAhmed, Nizam. 2001. “Ba
Page 279 and 280: Blais, André and R. K. Carty. 1987
Page 281 and 282: Duverger, Maurice. 1984. “Which I
Page 283 and 284: Hartmann, Christof. 1999b. “Cote
Page 285 and 286: Koch, Christian. 2001. “Kuwait”
Page 287 and 288: Lijphart, Arend. 2002. “The Wave
Page 289 and 290: Norris, Pippa. 1995. “Introductio
Page 291 and 292: Riker, William H. 1982. “The Two-
Page 293 and 294: Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shug
Page 295: Why have countries in different par
show all

Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ã bo Akademi

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?

Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi