Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi

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at Åbo Akademi University, the Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences atÅbo Akademi University, the Waldemar von Frenckell Foundation, and SNS(Center for Business and Policy Studies) in Sweden. I am very thankful for allthe financial support that I have received.There is more to life than research. I would like to thank all my friends for agreat private life. I especially thank the best of my friends, Jan-Eric, for (amongother things) giving me the opportunity to fulfil myself as a musician, therebymaintaining a meaningful counterbalance to research. In this connection, I alsothank Jari and Mikko, the other members of Olympos Mons. I am very gratefulto my parents who have always encouraged and supported me in every aspect oflife. Last but not least, I would like to thank Kaisa for filling my life withpleasure outside the fascinating world of music and research.Hus Lindman, November 23, 2005Krister Lundell
CONTENTS:1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Purpose of the Study 11.2 The Importance of Electoral Systems 62. CLASSIFYING ELECTORAL SYSTEMS 112.1 Elements of Electoral Systems 132.1.1 Ballot Structure 142.1.2 District Magnitude 142.1.3 Electoral Formula 152.1.4 Additional Elements of Electoral Systems 162.2 Electoral Formulas – A Presentation 192.2.1 Plurality Systems 202.2.1.1 Single-Member Plurality 202.2.1.2 Block Vote 212.2.1.3 Single-Member Plurality – Block Vote 222.2.1.4 Limited Vote and Single Non-Transferable Vote 222.2.1.5 Cumulative Vote 232.2.2 Majority Systems 242.2.2.1 One-Ballot Majority 242.2.2.2 Two-Ballot Majority 252.2.2.3 Alternative Vote 262.2.3 Proportional Systems 282.2.3.1 List PR 282.2.3.2 Single Transferable Vote 312.2.4 Mixed Electoral Systems 322.3 Earlier Classifications of Electoral Systems 392.4 A Typology of Electoral Systems 432.5 An Initial Survey of Electoral System Choice 463. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 553.1 Choosing an Electoral System 563.1.1 Trade-Off Between Competing Values 563.1.2 Is There a Best System? 583.1.3 Reforming the Electoral System 59i
Page 1 and 2: Krister LundellContextual Determina
Page 3: CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
Page 6 and 7: CIP Cataloguing in PublicationLunde
Page 10 and 11: 3.2 Explanations of Electoral Syste
Page 12 and 13: 9. CONCLUSION 2239.1 The Rational P
Page 14 and 15: politics. Both approaches bear rele
Page 16 and 17: electoral system choice as an epoch
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 The Importance of Electoral Sys
Page 20 and 21: Within the range of democratic inst
Page 22 and 23: will depend on the specific cleavag
Page 24 and 25: Before describing different voting
Page 26 and 27: 2.1.1 Ballot StructureThe ballot st
Page 28 and 29: formula, and the variety of elector
Page 30 and 31: ather be regarded as a characterist
Page 32 and 33: 2.2.1 Plurality Systems2.2.1.1 Sing
Page 34 and 35: mixture of BV and PBV. In my classi
Page 36 and 37: Weaver 1984: 198-199). CV implies t
Page 38 and 39: total election, often pull out of t
Page 40 and 41: disadvantage is that it presupposes
Page 42 and 43: parties and minority groups. Furthe
Page 44 and 45: simultaneously avoiding disproporti
Page 46 and 47: and Blais. They also agree that the
Page 48 and 49: Whether one formula applies or not
Page 50 and 51: difficult. Even an independent comb
Page 52 and 53: attention to all three main dimensi
Page 54 and 55: (national, regional and local lists
Page 56 and 57: The degree of proportionality also
Page 58 and 59:
variables: ethnic and cultural dive
Page 61 and 62:
smallest category, representing 15
Page 63 and 64:
democracies. 12 Nevertheless, the g
Page 65 and 66:
(Vanuatu) are represented by merely
Page 67 and 68:
3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this cha
Page 69 and 70:
ecognition of opposing views in the
Page 71 and 72:
systems. If we reformulate the ques
Page 73 and 74:
the rules, the lack of knowledge is
Page 75 and 76:
not. Consequently, their analysis c
Page 77 and 78:
proportional electoral systems. He
Page 79 and 80:
groups as possible, to avoid attemp
Page 81 and 82:
associated with certain features an
Page 83 and 84:
also called electoral engineering.
Page 85 and 86:
(2002: 14). Public opinion, often e
Page 87 and 88:
Similar reform societies were estab
Page 89 and 90:
systematically favor or disfavor ce
Page 91 and 92:
interests based on ascriptive commu
Page 93 and 94:
argues, both majorities and minorit
Page 95 and 96:
A more popular form of recognizing
Page 97 and 98:
Among the three basic majoritarian
Page 99 and 100:
politics. When universal suffrage w
Page 101 and 102:
and no electoral threshold in order
Page 103 and 104:
threatened to change the current el
Page 105 and 106:
inadequate since electoral systems
Page 107 and 108:
electoral reform is likely to occur
Page 109 and 110:
main advocates of proportional repr
Page 111 and 112:
whereas majoritarian systems prevai
Page 113 and 114:
The rational learning model sees po
Page 115 and 116:
3.2.4.1 Colonial LegacyColonial leg
Page 117 and 118:
Different colonial powers administe
Page 119 and 120:
The Australian and American colonia
Page 121 and 122:
epresented the “wave of the democ
Page 123 and 124:
The second wave of democratization
Page 125 and 126:
parliamentary elections, particular
Page 127 and 128:
parliamentary or presidential gover
Page 129 and 130:
measure of ethnic and cultural dive
Page 131 and 132:
medium size. The other 40 per cent
Page 133 and 134:
size and electoral systems, two str
Page 135 and 136:
that have previously held general e
Page 137 and 138:
The association between party syste
Page 139 and 140:
democratization process. Neverthele
Page 141 and 142:
The occurrence of list PR in former
Page 143 and 144:
Third, an electoral system must exi
Page 145 and 146:
Three matters are of interest in co
Page 147 and 148:
according to Lijphart’s definitio
Page 149 and 150:
3.3.3.2 Territorial OrganizationA n
Page 151 and 152:
to the whole territory. Countries a
Page 153 and 154:
or non-existence of an ‘additiona
Page 155 and 156:
subset of the world’s countries,
Page 157 and 158:
Concerning data on party system fra
Page 159 and 160:
22). 30 Nevertheless, the coded yea
Page 161 and 162:
(1) free and fair elections of the
Page 163 and 164:
(e.g. 1984; 1990). The index is bas
Page 165 and 166:
standards and Mauritius was democra
Page 167 and 168:
Table 5.1. Ethnic and cultural frag
Page 169 and 170:
Table 5.4. Ethnic and cultural frag
Page 171 and 172:
values. Each integer of the logarit
Page 173 and 174:
is also quite large, and therefore
Page 175 and 176:
1966, and Cyprus 1981. Suriname ado
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significant. 36 The large standard
Page 179 and 180:
small standard deviation values ind
Page 181 and 182:
samples with changes to mixed syste
Page 183 and 184:
a consequence of the party system t
Page 185 and 186:
eplace plurality systems with mixed
Page 187 and 188:
former British colonies did not inh
Page 189 and 190:
Table 6.2. Colonial legacy and elec
Page 191 and 192:
impact on the dependent variable wh
Page 193 and 194:
(1993). All these countries adopted
Page 195 and 196:
On the basis of figure 2.1 in secti
Page 197 and 198:
their electoral systems. Bulgaria a
Page 199 and 200:
as a general determinant of institu
Page 201 and 202:
The average population size among c
Page 203 and 204:
Only two federal states chose elect
Page 205 and 206:
any major role. Regional diffusion,
Page 207 and 208:
Plurality systems dominate the thir
Page 209 and 210:
inherit the plurality system but al
Page 211 and 212:
popular system between 1945 and 199
Page 213 and 214:
presidential countries. Only Lebano
Page 215 and 216:
legislative bodies are distinguishe
Page 217 and 218:
legislative relations should also t
Page 219 and 220:
etween independent and dependent va
Page 221 and 222:
least 90 cases. Notwithstanding, as
Page 223 and 224:
Table 8.1. Patterns of diffusion an
Page 225 and 226:
other systems returns little to exp
Page 227 and 228:
extent but the coefficient is small
Page 229 and 230:
territorial organization and chambe
Page 231 and 232:
there are only two (Gabon and Vanua
Page 233 and 234:
the rational perspective, since it
Page 235 and 236:
9. CONCLUSIONThis study is a contri
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shows that countries having adopted
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doubt that electoral systems affect
Page 241 and 242:
The third variable within the cultu
Page 243 and 244:
9.4 Final RemarksThe impact of the
Page 245 and 246:
APPENDIX IClassification of countri
Page 247 and 248:
Sri Lanka - SMP 1948The Constitutio
Page 249 and 250:
Laos - SMP-BV 1953Laos achieved ful
Page 251 and 252:
Greece - List PR 1958After having a
Page 253 and 254:
Madagascar - Super-mixed 1960The 19
Page 255 and 256:
Iran - SMP-BV 1963In 1963, Iran ado
Page 257 and 258:
Polyarchy dataset between 1960 and
Page 259 and 260:
Morocco - SMP 1970The 1970 Constitu
Page 261 and 262:
APPENDIX IICountry (year of elector
Page 263 and 264:
Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 265 and 266:
Country Democracy Electoral system
Page 267 and 268:
APPENDIX IIICountry (year of electo
Page 269 and 270:
Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 271 and 272:
Country Colonial Regional Form of T
Page 273 and 274:
APPENDIX IVParty system fragmentati
Page 275 and 276:
Proportional systems - change from
Page 277 and 278:
REFERENCESAhmed, Nizam. 2001. “Ba
Page 279 and 280:
Blais, André and R. K. Carty. 1987
Page 281 and 282:
Duverger, Maurice. 1984. “Which I
Page 283 and 284:
Hartmann, Christof. 1999b. “Cote
Page 285 and 286:
Koch, Christian. 2001. “Kuwait”
Page 287 and 288:
Lijphart, Arend. 2002. “The Wave
Page 289 and 290:
Norris, Pippa. 1995. “Introductio
Page 291 and 292:
Riker, William H. 1982. “The Two-
Page 293 and 294:
Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shug
Page 295:
Why have countries in different par
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