Contextual Determinants of Electoral System Choice - Ãbo Akademi

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superposition is still by far the most popular formula, being applied in 20 countries.Mixed-fusion and mixed-conditional are not applied anywhere. Proportional andplurality systems are, with reference to table 2.5, considerably more popular todaythan majority and mixed systems.Table 2.4. Electoral formulas in the contemporary world 2003.Electoral formula N %SMP 37 20.9Block vote 5 2.8SMP - BV 8 4.5Limited vote: SNTV 3 1.7One-ballot majority 2 1.1Two-ballot majority 17 9.6Alternative vote 4 2.3List PR 66 37.3STV 2 1.1Mixed-coexistence 2 1.1Mixed-superposition 20 11.3Mixed-fusion 0 0Mixed-conditional 0 0Mixed-corrective 6 3.4Super-mixed 5 2.8Total N 177 100Table 2.5. Electoral systems in the contemporary world 2003.Electoral system N %Plurality 53 29.9Majority 23 13.0Proportional 68 38.4Mixed 33 18.6Total N 177 100In table 2.6 and 2.7, all choices of electoral formulas and systems from 1945 to2003 in democracies are given. There are only 63 cases of electoral system choicein democratic countries. It should be observed that countries that have hadexperience of democratic elections before independence have also been regarded as50
democracies. 12 Nevertheless, the great majority (76 per cent) of all electoral systemchoices has occurred in non-democratic circumstances. SMP and list PR are alsothe most popular formulas among democracies, their totals being 18 and 15respectively. The dispersion of other formulas is more even in this sample. Theshare of BV, mixed-superposition and TBM is considerably smaller amongdemocracies than in the total population.Table 2.6. Electoral system choice in democracies 1945-2003. Detailed typology.Electoral formula N %SMP 18 28.6Block vote 5 7.9SMP - BV 3 4.8Limited vote: SNTV 1 1.6One-ballot majority 0 0Two-ballot majority 3 4.8Alternative vote 2 3.2List PR 15 23.8STV 1 1.6Mixed-coexistence 3 4.8Mixed-superposition 4 6.3Mixed-fusion 0 0Mixed-conditional 2 3.2Mixed-corrective 5 7.9Super-mixed 1 1.6Total N 63 100Table 2.7. Electoral system choice in democracies 1945-2003. Broad typology.Electoral system N %Plurality 27 42.9Majority 5 7.9Proportional 16 25.4Mixed 15 23.8Total N 63 10012 The matter of separating democracies from non-democracies is dealt with in section 4.2.51
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Krister LundellContextual Determina
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CONTEXTUAL DETERMINANTS OF ELECTORA
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CIP Cataloguing in PublicationLunde
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at Åbo Akademi University, the Fac
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3.2 Explanations of Electoral Syste
Page 12 and 13: 9. CONCLUSION 2239.1 The Rational P
Page 14 and 15: politics. Both approaches bear rele
Page 16 and 17: electoral system choice as an epoch
Page 18 and 19: 1.2 The Importance of Electoral Sys
Page 20 and 21: Within the range of democratic inst
Page 22 and 23: will depend on the specific cleavag
Page 24 and 25: Before describing different voting
Page 26 and 27: 2.1.1 Ballot StructureThe ballot st
Page 28 and 29: formula, and the variety of elector
Page 30 and 31: ather be regarded as a characterist
Page 32 and 33: 2.2.1 Plurality Systems2.2.1.1 Sing
Page 34 and 35: mixture of BV and PBV. In my classi
Page 36 and 37: Weaver 1984: 198-199). CV implies t
Page 38 and 39: total election, often pull out of t
Page 40 and 41: disadvantage is that it presupposes
Page 42 and 43: parties and minority groups. Furthe
Page 44 and 45: simultaneously avoiding disproporti
Page 46 and 47: and Blais. They also agree that the
Page 48 and 49: Whether one formula applies or not
Page 50 and 51: difficult. Even an independent comb
Page 52 and 53: attention to all three main dimensi
Page 54 and 55: (national, regional and local lists
Page 56 and 57: The degree of proportionality also
Page 58 and 59: variables: ethnic and cultural dive
Page 61: smallest category, representing 15
Page 65 and 66: (Vanuatu) are represented by merely
Page 67 and 68: 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKIn this cha
Page 69 and 70: ecognition of opposing views in the
Page 71 and 72: systems. If we reformulate the ques
Page 73 and 74: the rules, the lack of knowledge is
Page 75 and 76: not. Consequently, their analysis c
Page 77 and 78: proportional electoral systems. He
Page 79 and 80: groups as possible, to avoid attemp
Page 81 and 82: associated with certain features an
Page 83 and 84: also called electoral engineering.
Page 85 and 86: (2002: 14). Public opinion, often e
Page 87 and 88: Similar reform societies were estab
Page 89 and 90: systematically favor or disfavor ce
Page 91 and 92: interests based on ascriptive commu
Page 93 and 94: argues, both majorities and minorit
Page 95 and 96: A more popular form of recognizing
Page 97 and 98: Among the three basic majoritarian
Page 99 and 100: politics. When universal suffrage w
Page 101 and 102: and no electoral threshold in order
Page 103 and 104: threatened to change the current el
Page 105 and 106: inadequate since electoral systems
Page 107 and 108: electoral reform is likely to occur
Page 109 and 110: main advocates of proportional repr
Page 111 and 112: whereas majoritarian systems prevai
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The rational learning model sees po
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3.2.4.1 Colonial LegacyColonial leg
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Different colonial powers administe
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The Australian and American colonia
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epresented the “wave of the democ
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The second wave of democratization
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parliamentary elections, particular
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parliamentary or presidential gover
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measure of ethnic and cultural dive
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medium size. The other 40 per cent
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size and electoral systems, two str
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that have previously held general e
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The association between party syste
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democratization process. Neverthele
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The occurrence of list PR in former
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Third, an electoral system must exi
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Three matters are of interest in co
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according to Lijphart’s definitio
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3.3.3.2 Territorial OrganizationA n
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to the whole territory. Countries a
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or non-existence of an ‘additiona
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subset of the world’s countries,
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Concerning data on party system fra
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22). 30 Nevertheless, the coded yea
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(1) free and fair elections of the
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(e.g. 1984; 1990). The index is bas
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standards and Mauritius was democra
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Table 5.1. Ethnic and cultural frag
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Table 5.4. Ethnic and cultural frag
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values. Each integer of the logarit
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is also quite large, and therefore
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1966, and Cyprus 1981. Suriname ado
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significant. 36 The large standard
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small standard deviation values ind
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samples with changes to mixed syste
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a consequence of the party system t
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eplace plurality systems with mixed
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former British colonies did not inh
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Table 6.2. Colonial legacy and elec
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impact on the dependent variable wh
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(1993). All these countries adopted
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On the basis of figure 2.1 in secti
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their electoral systems. Bulgaria a
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as a general determinant of institu
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The average population size among c
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Only two federal states chose elect
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any major role. Regional diffusion,
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Plurality systems dominate the thir
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inherit the plurality system but al
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popular system between 1945 and 199
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presidential countries. Only Lebano
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legislative bodies are distinguishe
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legislative relations should also t
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etween independent and dependent va
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least 90 cases. Notwithstanding, as
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Table 8.1. Patterns of diffusion an
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other systems returns little to exp
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extent but the coefficient is small
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territorial organization and chambe
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there are only two (Gabon and Vanua
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the rational perspective, since it
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9. CONCLUSIONThis study is a contri
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shows that countries having adopted
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doubt that electoral systems affect
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The third variable within the cultu
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9.4 Final RemarksThe impact of the
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APPENDIX IClassification of countri
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Sri Lanka - SMP 1948The Constitutio
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Laos - SMP-BV 1953Laos achieved ful
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Greece - List PR 1958After having a
Page 253 and 254:
Madagascar - Super-mixed 1960The 19
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Iran - SMP-BV 1963In 1963, Iran ado
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Polyarchy dataset between 1960 and
Page 259 and 260:
Morocco - SMP 1970The 1970 Constitu
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APPENDIX IICountry (year of elector
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Country Democracy Electoral system
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Country Democracy Electoral system
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APPENDIX IIICountry (year of electo
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Country Colonial Regional Form of T
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Country Colonial Regional Form of T
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APPENDIX IVParty system fragmentati
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Proportional systems - change from
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REFERENCESAhmed, Nizam. 2001. “Ba
Page 279 and 280:
Blais, André and R. K. Carty. 1987
Page 281 and 282:
Duverger, Maurice. 1984. “Which I
Page 283 and 284:
Hartmann, Christof. 1999b. “Cote
Page 285 and 286:
Koch, Christian. 2001. “Kuwait”
Page 287 and 288:
Lijphart, Arend. 2002. “The Wave
Page 289 and 290:
Norris, Pippa. 1995. “Introductio
Page 291 and 292:
Riker, William H. 1982. “The Two-
Page 293 and 294:
Taagepera, Rein and Matthew S. Shug
Page 295:
Why have countries in different par
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