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4«13*6.4 Backwater effectsV*4*13.6.4Amendments No. V-2/84 (March)5br a bridge crossing a river or atrearn fconsideration should "be given to the backwater effectsproduced by the highway or railway crossing restrictingthe flow of water. Backwater can cause floodingupstream of the crossing and f in addition f theincreased velocity of the stream, and its turbulence,can cause scour sufficient to endanger the bridgestructure*Guidance on the analysis of backwatereffects has been published in reference (14) by theU.S* Department of Transport at ion*4«13«6*5 Effects of waterborne trafficThe design of piers for bridges over navigationchannels should include consideration of protectionagainst ship collision*In general| such protection is costly,and the risk involved should be carefully analysedand weighed against the possibility of protectingthe lives of bridge users by means such as thosedescribed in 4* 18*4*

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