western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

CHAPTER 6CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS6.1 ConclusionsThis study focused on the seismicity of southern Ontario and western Quebec throughdetailed studies of earthquakes with magnitude over 3.5 between 1992 and 2011 andcombining these new data with data previously published. The parameters (hypocentrelocations and focal mechanisms) of 50 earthquakes with magnitude m N 3.5 - 5.7 weredetermined. Earthquake source parameters were determined using data from all possibleseismic stations in Canada and the US. The earthquake source parameters like nodalplane orientation, focal depth, and compression orientation were compared with theavailable tectonic and geological data. The conclusions from this study can besummarized as follows:• Most of the events in western Quebec seismic zone are concentrated along theOttawa River and Montreal-Maniwaki region. There is no obvious concentrationof earthquake epicentres in the northwest and southeast regions of the westernQuebec Seismic Zone. In southern Ontario most of the earthquakes appear to be99
estricted to western Lake Ontario or along the Ottawa river and along the Ohio-Pensylvania border within a cluster south of Lake Erie.• The focal depth for all earthquakes in the study area is less than 30 km. The focaldepth of the Western Quebec events appears greater than that of the SouthernOntario seismic zone. All 16 events in southern Ontario occurred at shallowdepths less than 19 km. The western Quebec events, however, are generallydeeper, with depths from 18 to 30 km. The median depth of events is 8.2 km forthe southern Ontario seismic zone and 20 km for western Quebec seismic zone.• Among the 50 events studied, 29 are thrust fault events and 21 have focalmechanisms that are predominantly strike-slip with a small component of dip-slipmovement. In terms of regional distribution, almost all events in the WQSZ havea reverse-sense focal mechanism with some spatial variability in the nodal planeorientation. Events in southern Ontario and more specifically in Lake Ontario andsouth of Lake Erie are mainly of strike-slip character. The dipping angle of thenodal plane in Western Quebec varies around 45° towards NE-SW, but inSouthern Ontario it is around 50° towards NW-SE.• The average orientation of the compression (P) axes for western Quebec wasfound to be almost NE-SW and for southern Ontario NW-SE, which areconsistent with previous studies.• Investigation of such parameters as density of the epicentres, focal depths, andtype of the focal mechanism as well as tectonic setting in both the western Quebecand the southern Ontario suggest some distinct seismic clusters. Using a simplestatistical approach (Dineva et al. 2004; Ma and Eaton, 2007), nine distinct100
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FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
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Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
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Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
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AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
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Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
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1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
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eastern Canada each year, of which
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Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
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The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
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Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
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oadly similar continent-continent c
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Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
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earthquakes have occurred within th
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cluster, which is considered part o
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2001. All events seemed to occur in
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CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
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Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
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Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
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the strongest recorded event in the
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Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
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The amplitudes of the seismic waves
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Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
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HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
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wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
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model for P-wave velocity with mult
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CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
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Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
Page 63 and 64: focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
Page 65 and 66: some spatial variability of the ori
Page 67 and 68: 22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
Page 69 and 70: a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
Page 71 and 72: esults from other similar studies,
Page 73 and 74: source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
Page 75 and 76: estimate using a stress inversion t
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
Page 79 and 80: oundaries of the Central Metasedime
Page 81 and 82: In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
Page 83 and 84: deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
Page 87 and 88: 2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
Page 89 and 90: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92: 5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
Page 93 and 94: WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5.13: Geological features of
Page 97 and 98: consistent with regional fault map
Page 99 and 100: WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102: 5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
Page 103 and 104: The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
Page 105 and 106: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
Page 107 and 108: ecorded within this cluster. As it
Page 109: Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
Page 113 and 114: More detailed look at the relations
Page 115 and 116: Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
Page 117 and 118: Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
Page 119 and 120: Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
Page 121 and 122: Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
Page 123 and 124: Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
Page 125 and 126: Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
Page 129 and 130: SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
Page 131 and 132: EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
Page 133 and 134: PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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