western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

CHAPTER 2GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS AND SEISMICITY OF THE STUDYAREA2.1 IntroductionPlate tectonics can explain most of the distribution of earthquakes around the world.Although earthquakes occur primarily along plate boundaries or in broad regions alongthe plate boundaries, numerous earthquakes also occur within the plates, causing loss oflife and damage to properties (Adams and Basham, 1989). Unlike seismicity along theplate boundaries, the seismicity inside the plates has received very little attention. Theearthquakes are not evenly distributed inside the plates. For example Sykes (1978)recognised that most events in northeastern America occur within the crust in areas thatwere affected by the last major orogenesis prior to the opening of Atlantic Ocean. Thepresent seismicity could be the result of reactivation of existing fault zones, failed rifts,and other tectonic boundaries such as the late Proterozoic to Paleozoic rift systems alongthe St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers (Thomas, 2006).Eastern Canada is located within the North American Plate and, therefore, has arelatively low rate of earthquake activity. However, large earthquakes do occur in theregion, and may pose significant societal risk. Approximately 450 earthquakes occur in5
eastern Canada each year, of which perhaps four exceed magnitude 4, thirty exceedmagnitude 3, and about twenty-five events are reported felt (Geological Society ofCanada, GSC). On average, a decade will include three events greater than magnitude 5.A magnitude 3 event is sufficiently strong to be felt in the immediate area, and amagnitude 5 event is generally the threshold of damage.2.2 Background GeologyFigure 2.1 shows the major geologic units in the study area. The Superior Province,which is north of the study area, is the largest Archean craton on Earth and forms theancient core of the North American continent (Ludden and Hynes, 2000). It is subdividedinto a number of generally east–west trending juvenile trains, ranging in age from 2.72Ga to 2.6 Ga (Hoffman, 1988). The Huronian Supergroup, also north of the study area, isa 15-km thick wedge of supracrustal rocks that records pre 2.1 Ga rifting and thesubsequent establishment of a passive margin along the southern edge of the Superiorcraton (Hoffman, 1988). This region later experienced metamorphism during the 1.9 GaPenokean Orogeny, a relatively early component of an extensive period of collisionalorogenesis that produced the proto-North American landmass known as Laurentia(Hoffman, 1988).6
Page 1 and 2: FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
Page 3: Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
Page 11 and 12: AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
Page 13 and 14: Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
Page 15: 1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
Page 19 and 20: Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
Page 53 and 54: model for P-wave velocity with mult
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
Page 63 and 64: focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
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22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
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a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
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esults from other similar studies,
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source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
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estimate using a stress inversion t
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Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
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oundaries of the Central Metasedime
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In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
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deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
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Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
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2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
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5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
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WQ5 is located in the southern part
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Figure 5.13: Geological features of
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consistent with regional fault map
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WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
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5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
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The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
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ecorded within this cluster. As it
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Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
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estricted to western Lake Ontario o
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More detailed look at the relations
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Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
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Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
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Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
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Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
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Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
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Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
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APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
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SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
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EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
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PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
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APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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