western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

CHAPTER 2GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS AND SEISMICITY OF THE STUDYAREA2.1 IntroductionPlate tectonics can explain most of the distribution of earthquakes around the world.Although earthquakes occur primarily along plate boundaries or in broad regions alongthe plate boundaries, numerous earthquakes also occur within the plates, causing loss oflife and damage to properties (Adams and Basham, 1989). Unlike seismicity along theplate boundaries, the seismicity inside the plates has received very little attention. Theearthquakes are not evenly distributed inside the plates. For example Sykes (1978)recognised that most events in northeastern America occur within the crust in areas thatwere affected by the last major orogenesis prior to the opening of Atlantic Ocean. Thepresent seismicity could be the result of reactivation of existing fault zones, failed rifts,and other tectonic boundaries such as the late Proterozoic to Paleozoic rift systems alongthe St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers (Thomas, 2006).Eastern Canada is located within the North American Plate and, therefore, has arelatively low rate of earthquake activity. However, large earthquakes do occur in theregion, and may pose significant societal risk. Approximately 450 earthquakes occur in5
eastern Canada each year, of which perhaps four exceed magnitude 4, thirty exceedmagnitude 3, and about twenty-five events are reported felt (Geological Society ofCanada, GSC). On average, a decade will include three events greater than magnitude 5.A magnitude 3 event is sufficiently strong to be felt in the immediate area, and amagnitude 5 event is generally the threshold of damage.2.2 Background GeologyFigure 2.1 shows the major geologic units in the study area. The Superior Province,which is north of the study area, is the largest Archean craton on Earth and forms theancient core of the North American continent (Ludden and Hynes, 2000). It is subdividedinto a number of generally east–west trending juvenile trains, ranging in age from 2.72Ga to 2.6 Ga (Hoffman, 1988). The Huronian Supergroup, also north of the study area, isa 15-km thick wedge of supracrustal rocks that records pre 2.1 Ga rifting and thesubsequent establishment of a passive margin along the southern edge of the Superiorcraton (Hoffman, 1988). This region later experienced metamorphism during the 1.9 GaPenokean Orogeny, a relatively early component of an extensive period of collisionalorogenesis that produced the proto-North American landmass known as Laurentia(Hoffman, 1988).6
Page 1 and 2: FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
Page 3: Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
Page 11 and 12: AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
Page 13 and 14: Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
Page 15: 1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
Page 19 and 20: Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
Page 53 and 54: model for P-wave velocity with mult
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
Page 63 and 64: focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
Page 65 and 66: some spatial variability of the ori
Page 67 and 68:
22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
Page 69 and 70:
a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
Page 71 and 72:
esults from other similar studies,
Page 73 and 74:
source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
Page 75 and 76:
estimate using a stress inversion t
Page 77 and 78:
Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
Page 79 and 80:
oundaries of the Central Metasedime
Page 81 and 82:
In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
Page 83 and 84:
deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
Page 85 and 86:
Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
Page 87 and 88:
2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
Page 89 and 90:
a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92:
5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
Page 93 and 94:
WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.13: Geological features of
Page 97 and 98:
consistent with regional fault map
Page 99 and 100:
WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102:
5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
Page 103 and 104:
The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
Page 105 and 106:
a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
Page 107 and 108:
ecorded within this cluster. As it
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
Page 111 and 112:
estricted to western Lake Ontario o
Page 113 and 114:
More detailed look at the relations
Page 115 and 116:
Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
Page 117 and 118:
Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
Page 119 and 120:
Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
Page 121 and 122:
Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
Page 123 and 124:
Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
Page 125 and 126:
Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
Page 129 and 130:
SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
Page 131 and 132:
EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
Page 133 and 134:
PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
Page 135 and 136:
APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
Page 137 and 138:
126
Page 139 and 140:
128
Page 141 and 142:
130
Page 143 and 144:
132
Page 145 and 146:
134
Page 147 and 148:
136
Page 149 and 150:
138
Page 151 and 152:
140
Page 153 and 154:
142
Page 155 and 156:
144
Page 157 and 158:
146
Page 159 and 160:
148
Page 161 and 162:
150
Page 163 and 164:
152
Page 165 and 166:
154
Page 167 and 168:
156
Page 169 and 170:
158
Page 171 and 172:
Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
Page 173 and 174:
19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
Page 175 and 176:
19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
Page 177 and 178:
20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
Page 179 and 180:
168
Page 181 and 182:
170
Page 183 and 184:
172
Page 185 and 186:
174
Page 187 and 188:
176
show all

western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?