western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionEastern Canada is part of the stable interior of the North American plate. Our knowledgeof the cause of seismic activity in Eastern Canada is far from complete. Regionalseismicity plays an important role in the study of tectonic processes and can contribute tothe understanding of the nature of these processes and to the evaluation of the seismichazard. Accurate locations for earthquake hypocentres are important in identifyingpotential seismogenic features and developing a relationship between seismicity and thetectonic structures and features. Other source parameters such as focal mechanisms canalso provide information on the tectonic structures on which the earthquakes occur. Theearthquake source parameters also provide information about the regional and local stressdistributions within the plates, as well as the geometry and kinematics of fault slips.Accurate estimation of the magnitude of the seismic events can also provide insight intothe size of the active faults. Earthquakes with magnitude of m N ≤ 3 have rupture sizes inthe order of 1-100 metres with slips of less than a few centimetres, while earthquakeswith larger magnitudes (m N > 5) may have rupture dimensions at the scale of kilometres(e.g. Johnston, 1993).1
Earthquakes in western Quebec and southern Ontario present a major contributionto the natural hazards in south-eastern Canada due to their proximity to major populationcentres, e.g., Montreal, Ottawa and Toronto (Adams and Halchuk, 2003) (Figure 1.1).Unfortunately, the seismic characteristics of the events in these regions have not beensufficiently documented. Without full understanding of the earthquake source parametersand mechanisms involved in the occurrence of these earthquakes, there are uncertaintiesin earthquake hazard analysis in eastern Canada.Figure 1.1: Simplified seismic hazard map of Canada. The estimated hazard in southeastern Ontario is greatest along the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, but moderatehazard is also present in other areas including densely populated southern Ontario(http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard-alea/simphaz-eng.php).2
Page 1 and 2: FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
Page 3: Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
Page 11: AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
Page 17 and 18: eastern Canada each year, of which
Page 19 and 20: Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
Page 53 and 54: model for P-wave velocity with mult
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
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focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
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some spatial variability of the ori
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22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
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a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
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esults from other similar studies,
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source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
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estimate using a stress inversion t
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Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
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oundaries of the Central Metasedime
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In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
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deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
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Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
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2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
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5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
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WQ5 is located in the southern part
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Figure 5.13: Geological features of
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consistent with regional fault map
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WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
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5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
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The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
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ecorded within this cluster. As it
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Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
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estricted to western Lake Ontario o
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More detailed look at the relations
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Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
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Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
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Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
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Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
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Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
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Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
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APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
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SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
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EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
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PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
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APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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150
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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