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Forsyth, D.A., Milkereit, B., Zelt, C.A., White, D.J., Easton, R.M., Hutchinson, D.R.(1994b). Deep structure beneath Lake Ontario: crustal scale Grenville subdivisions.Can. J. Earth Sci.,31, 255–270.Forsyth, D. A. (1981). Characteristics of the western Quebec seismic zone. Can. J.Earth Sci.,18, 103-119.Frederiksen, A. W., I.J. Ferguson, D. Eaton, Miong, S. K., Gowan, E. (2006). Mantlefabric at multiple scales across an Archean–Proterozoic boundary, Grenville Front,Canada. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 158, 240–263.Gephart, J. W. And Forsyth, D. W. (1984). An improved method for determining theregional sress tensor using earthquake focal mechanism data; application to the SanFernando earthquake sequence. J. Geoph. Res., 89, 9305_9320Godin, L., Brown, R. L., Dreimanis, A., Atkinson, G. M., and Armstrong, D. K.(2002). Analysis and reinterpretation of deformation on features in the Rouge RiverValley, Scarborough, On. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39, 1373-1391.Gomberg, J. S., Shedlock, K. M. and Roecker, S. W. (1990). The effect of S-wavearrival times on the accuracy of hypocentre estimation. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am, 80,1605- 1628.Goodacre, A. K., Bonham-Carter, G. F., Agterberg, F. P., and Wright, D. F. (1993). Astatistical analysis of the spatial association of seismicity with drainage pattern andmagnetic anomalies in Wetern Quebec. Tecnophysics, 217, 285-305.Green, A. G., Milkereit, B., Davidson, A., Spencer, C., Hutchinson, D. R., Cannon,W. F., Lee, M. W., Agena, W. F., Behrendt, J. C. (1988). Crustal structure of theGrenville front and adjacent terranes. Geology, 16, 788-792.Guillou-Frottier, L., Mareschal, J. C., Jaupart, C., Gariépy, C., Lapointe, R., andBienfait, G. (1995). Heat flow variations in the Grenville Province, Canad., EarthPlanet. Sci. Lett., 136, 447–460.Hanks, T.C. and Kanamori, H. (1979). Moment magnitude scale. J. Geol. Res., 84(B5), 2348–50.Hanmer, S., Mceachern, S. (1992). Kinematical and rheological evolution of acrustal-scale ductile thrust zone, Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville orogen,Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci., 29.Harris, L.B., Rivard, B., Corriveau, L. (2001). Structure of the Lac Nominingue-Mont- Laurier region, Central Metasedimentry Belt, Quebec Grenville Province.Can. J. Earth Sci., 38.107
Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2003). SEISAN package, Institute of Solid Earth.Physics, University of Bergen, Norway.Heaman, L. M. And Kjarsgaard, B. A. (2000). Timing of eastern North Americankimberlite magmatism: continental extension of the Great Meteor hotspot track?Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 178, 253-268.Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Brath, A., Reinecher, J., KurfeB, D., and Muller, B.(2008).The 2008 release of the World Stress Map. URL http://www.world-stressmap.Herrmann, R. B., (1979). Surface wave focal mechanisms for eastern North Americanearthquakes with tectonic implications. J. Geoph. Res., 84, 3543-3552.Hewitt, D. F. (1964). Geological notes for maps nos. 2053 and 2054 Madoc-Gananoque area. Geological circular no. 12, Ontario department of Mines.Hodgson, E. A. ( 1945). Indastrial earthquake hazard in eastern Canada. Bull. Seism.Soc. Am. 35.Hoffman, P. F. (1988). United Plates of America, the birth of a craton: earlyProterozoic assembly and growth of Laurentia . Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 543-603.Kamo, S. L, Krogh, T. E. and Kumarapeli, P. S. (1995). Age of the Grenville dykeswarm, Ontario-Quebec: implications for the timing of Iapetan rifting. Can. J. EarthSci, 32, 273-280.Kay, G. M. (1942). Ottawa-Bonnechere graben and lake Ontario homocline. Bull.Geol. Soc. Am., 53, 585-646.Kim, W.-Y., Dineva, S., Ma, S., and Eaton, D., (2006). The 4 August 2004 LakeOntario, earthquake. Seism. Res. Lett., 77, 65–73.Kumarapeli, P.S., Saull, V.A. (1966). The St. Lawrence Valley system: a NorthAmerican equivalent of the east African rift valley system. Can. J. Earth Sci., 3.Jacobi, R., Fountain, J. (1993). The southern extension and reactivations of theClarendon–Linden fault system. Géographie Physique et Quaternaire, 47, 285–302.Johnston, A. C. (1993). Average stable continental earthquake source parametersbased on constant stress drop scaling. Seism. Res. Lett., 64, 261.Lamontagne, M. (1987). Seismic activity and structural features in the Charlevoixregion, Quebec. Can. J. Earth Sci., 24, 2118-2129.108
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FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
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Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
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Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
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AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
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Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
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1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
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eastern Canada each year, of which
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Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
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The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
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Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
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oadly similar continent-continent c
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Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
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earthquakes have occurred within th
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cluster, which is considered part o
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2001. All events seemed to occur in
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CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
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Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
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Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
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the strongest recorded event in the
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Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
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The amplitudes of the seismic waves
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Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
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HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
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wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
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model for P-wave velocity with mult
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CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
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Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
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Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
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The focal depth calculated here is
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focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
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some spatial variability of the ori
Page 67 and 68: 22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
Page 69 and 70: a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
Page 71 and 72: esults from other similar studies,
Page 73 and 74: source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
Page 75 and 76: estimate using a stress inversion t
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
Page 79 and 80: oundaries of the Central Metasedime
Page 81 and 82: In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
Page 83 and 84: deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
Page 87 and 88: 2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
Page 89 and 90: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92: 5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
Page 93 and 94: WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5.13: Geological features of
Page 97 and 98: consistent with regional fault map
Page 99 and 100: WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102: 5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
Page 103 and 104: The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
Page 105 and 106: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
Page 107 and 108: ecorded within this cluster. As it
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
Page 111 and 112: estricted to western Lake Ontario o
Page 113 and 114: More detailed look at the relations
Page 115 and 116: Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
Page 117: Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
Page 121 and 122: Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
Page 123 and 124: Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
Page 125 and 126: Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
Page 127 and 128: APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
Page 129 and 130: SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
Page 131 and 132: EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
Page 133 and 134: PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
Page 135 and 136: APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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158
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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168
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170
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