western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Abstract:Earthquakes in western Quebec and southern Ontario present a major contribution to thenatural hazards in south eastern Canada due to their proximity to major populationcentres. However, the seismic characteristics of the events in these regions have not beenwell documented. Improved knowledge of earthquake distribution and seismiccontrolling mechanisms provides a great benefit for earthquake hazard analysis in easternCanada.The available information about the tectonic stress indicators, including focalmechanisms, was compiled for Canada prior to 1994. The present research isconcentrated mainly on determination of the focal mechanisms and hypocentre locationsof the earthquakes after 1993 with M > 3.5 to characterize the present-day regional andlocal stress fields in southern Ontario and western Quebec. An attempt was also made todifferentiate local zones with comparatively homogeneous tectonic stresses orientationand seismic regimes, thus providing information for future re-assessment of the seismichazard in each region.Considering seismic parameters such as the trend of the epicentres, focal depthsand the state of stress of the events along with their tectonic settings, ten distinct clustershave been proposed for western Quebec and two clusters of events were determined forsouthern Ontario with comparatively consistent focal mechanisms. The locations andcharacteristics of seismicity clusters appear to be consistent with the hypothesis that theyare near the locations of large historic and prehistoric events, and represent exceptionallypersistent aftershocks of past large earthquakes.ii
Acknowledgements:I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Savka Dineva and Dr.Laurent Godin, whose valuable support, advice and comments made this work possible. Iwould like to acknowledge Dr. Bob Mereu for providing the opportunity to work with(PLTSEK) software. A special thanks to General Mapping Tools (GMT) and RuhrUniversity for donating the software used to complete my studies. I also thank Dr.Stephen McKinnon for insightful questions and discussions during my thesisexamination. I would like to thank Dr. St-Onge in Natural resources Canada for helpingme to understand the nature of deformation in the earth’s crust.I am thankful to all friends, staff and colleagues in the Department of GeologicalSciences and Geological Engineering.I would like to extend a special thanks to my brothers and parents, especially mymother, for their love and support through these years. My special thanks goes to myspouse, Mohammad Rayhani, and my lovely daughter for their endless support andpatience.iii
Page 1: FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
Page 11 and 12: AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
Page 13 and 14: Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
Page 17 and 18: eastern Canada each year, of which
Page 19 and 20: Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
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model for P-wave velocity with mult
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CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
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Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
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Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
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The focal depth calculated here is
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focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
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some spatial variability of the ori
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22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
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a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
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esults from other similar studies,
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source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
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estimate using a stress inversion t
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Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
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oundaries of the Central Metasedime
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In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
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deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
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Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
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2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92:
5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
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WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 5.13: Geological features of
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consistent with regional fault map
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WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102:
5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
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The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
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ecorded within this cluster. As it
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
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estricted to western Lake Ontario o
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More detailed look at the relations
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Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
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Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
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Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
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Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
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Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
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Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
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APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
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SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
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EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
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PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
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APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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