western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

3.3.6. Focal MechanismsThe focal mechanism can be obtained manually or by using software. Data used for thefocal mechanism can be the polarities of the P-waves or the amplitude information for P-and S-waves. An important feature of this kind of software is an output not only as asingle solution but as a set of all possible solutions for a specific confidence level. TheFOCMEC program uses both the polarities and the amplitude ratios, and gives a set ofpossible solutions.FOCMEC programFOCMEC (Snoke et al., 1984) was used to evaluate the focal mechanism for eachearthquake. The program uses the distances, azimuths, and the take-off angles from theHYPOCENTRE output. FOCMEC produces four output files: 1) ‘focmec.dat’ containsthe input parameters for FOCMEC, 2) ‘focmec.lst’ shows the input data and all details ofall possible solutions (dip, strike, and rake of the nodal planes, trend and plunge of P, T,and B axes, total number of polarities and the stations with wrong polarities); 3)‘focmec.out’ contains only the strike, dip and rake for one of the nodal planes for allsolutions with the number of wrong polarities and grid step in degrees; 4) ‘focmec.eps’ isa Postscript plot file of the latest plot. An example of the output files for one seismicevent is given in Appendix B. The program uses grid-search algorithm over the entirefocal sphere to define all possible solutions with option of misfit polarity. The minimumnumber of polarity errors and degree increment in the grid search can be enteredmanually. After several trials, the best solution of each event has been selected based onthe minimum number of polarity misfit.43
CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the earthquake source parameters obtained for Western Quebec andSouthern Ontario seismic zones based on seismic data from 1992-2011 (Figure 4.1) arepresented and discussed.4.1. Hypocentre LocationThe hypocentre locations, including the depth and origin time with their errorswere calculated with the HYPOCENTER program for all studied events. The weightingfor the hypocentre location distance was applied for distances > 300 km (xnear in eq.4.1). The weight decreases linearly to zero between 300 km and 600 km (xfar in eq. 3.1).This distance range of the weighting was chosen after a test with different xnear and xfardistances (Table 4.1.). The final distance weighting (300 km – 600 km) was chosenbecause at this range there was an optimum trade-off between the total residual of allsolutions, the average number of stations for good azimuthal coverage, the number of theevents with solutions, and also the solution for the depth was stable. The hypocentres and44
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FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
Page 3: Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
Page 9 and 10: Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
Page 11 and 12: AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
Page 13 and 14: Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
Page 15 and 16: 1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
Page 17 and 18: eastern Canada each year, of which
Page 19 and 20: Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
Page 53: model for P-wave velocity with mult
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
Page 63 and 64: focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
Page 65 and 66: some spatial variability of the ori
Page 67 and 68: 22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
Page 69 and 70: a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
Page 71 and 72: esults from other similar studies,
Page 73 and 74: source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar
Page 75 and 76: estimate using a stress inversion t
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
Page 79 and 80: oundaries of the Central Metasedime
Page 81 and 82: In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
Page 83 and 84: deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
Page 87 and 88: 2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
Page 89 and 90: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92: 5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
Page 93 and 94: WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5.13: Geological features of
Page 97 and 98: consistent with regional fault map
Page 99 and 100: WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102: 5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
Page 103 and 104: The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
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a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
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ecorded within this cluster. As it
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Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
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estricted to western Lake Ontario o
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More detailed look at the relations
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Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
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Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
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Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
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Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
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Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
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Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
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APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
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SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
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EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
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PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
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APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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