western quebec and southern ontario - Department of Geology

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$Fayek & Kyser 2000 uraninite fractionations.pdf - Queen's University$

Precambrian structures associated with the Grenville orogeny and rifting associated withopening of the Iapetus Ocean (Ma and Eaton, 2007). To be able to make more precisecorrelation between the earthquake locations (hypocentres) and the faults in depth itwould be necessary to have larger number of accurately estimated hypocentres andespecially depths.Figure 5.1: Epicentral map of studied events from 1992 to 2010 with magnitude m N 3.5-5.7 with their focal depth in three different ranges: 0-8 km, 8-18 km, and 18-30 km.Maximum focal depth is assumed to be controlled by either a rheological changefrom a brittle rupture to ductile flow or a transition in fault frictional behaviour fromvelocity weakening to velocity strengthening (Sibson, 1982; Scholz, 1990). Bothtransitions are closely related to the temperature–depth profile. The maximum depth ofseismic events is found to correlate with heat flow values (or the tectonic ages) in the61
source region (e.g. Chen and Molnar, 1983; Chen, 1988). Those areas with increasingtectonic ages are known generally to have decreasing surface heat flow values (Parsonsand Scalter, 1977; Sclater et al., 1980; Willett et al., 1985). The mean heat flow in theolder Grenville province is estimated at 43 ± 8 mW/m 2 , while the average heat flow forthe Grenville province in southern Ontario is significantly higher (58 ± 15 mW/m 2 )(Guillou-Frottier et al., 1995; Mareschal et al., 2000), which correlates with the crustthickness and hence the depths of events in western Quebec and southern Ontario. Inwestern Quebec there is comparatively lower heat flow with older and thicker crust andin southern Ontario there is younger and thinner crust with higher heat flow.Figure 5.2: Seismic reflection cross section in the study area: a) P-wave velocity modelfor Western Quebec Seismic Zone; b) The east-dipping reflectors for the same profilewith equal horizontal and vertical scale. MCB denotes mid-crustal boundary; ET, Elzevirterrain; EFbz, Elzevir-Frontenac boundary zone; FT, Frontenac terrain; CGT, CentralGranulite Terrain (after Zelt et al., 1994).62
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FOCAL MECHANISMS AND VARIATIONS IN
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Acknowledgements:I would like to ex
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Figure 5.12: Summary of the focal m
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AbbreviationsCNSN: Canadian Nationa
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Earthquakes in western Quebec and s
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1.2 Organization of ThesisChapter 1
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eastern Canada each year, of which
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Metasedimentary Belt boundary tecto
Page 21 and 22: The Grenville Front tectonic zone (
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.3: Seismicity in the study
Page 25 and 26: oadly similar continent-continent c
Page 27 and 28: Figure 2.4: Historical earthquakes
Page 29 and 30: earthquakes have occurred within th
Page 31 and 32: cluster, which is considered part o
Page 33 and 34: 2001. All events seemed to occur in
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER 3DATA SET AND METHODS3.1 In
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 3.1: Locations of seismic stat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 3.2: Number of stations used
Page 41 and 42: the strongest recorded event in the
Page 43 and 44: Figure 3.5: Earthquake source param
Page 45 and 46: The amplitudes of the seismic waves
Page 47 and 48: Figure 3.7: Vertical component wave
Page 49 and 50: HYPOCENTER programThe HYPOCENTER pr
Page 51 and 52: wave - e.g. Pg or Pn, Sg or Sn), th
Page 53 and 54: model for P-wave velocity with mult
Page 55 and 56: CHAPTER 4RESULTSIn this chapter the
Page 57 and 58: Figure 4.1: Distribution of RMS of
Page 59 and 60: Table 4.2: Earthquake parameters (h
Page 61 and 62: The focal depth calculated here is
Page 63 and 64: focal mechanism beach-ball diagrams
Page 65 and 66: some spatial variability of the ori
Page 67 and 68: 22 20001006 50 ±3 134 ±10 90 ±0
Page 69 and 70: a)b)c)d)Western QuebecSouthern Onta
Page 71: esults from other similar studies,
Page 75 and 76: estimate using a stress inversion t
Page 77 and 78: Figure 5.3: Stress pattern for all
Page 79 and 80: oundaries of the Central Metasedime
Page 81 and 82: In Western Quebec Seizmic Zone (WQS
Page 83 and 84: deeper than 20 km (20 km to 26 km).
Page 85 and 86: Figure 5.7: Geologic features of WQ
Page 87 and 88: 2009). The Mont-Laurier earthquake
Page 89 and 90: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.9: Summary of th
Page 91 and 92: 5.4.3 Adirondack Clusters (WQ4 and
Page 93 and 94: WQ5 is located in the southern part
Page 95 and 96: Figure 5.13: Geological features of
Page 97 and 98: consistent with regional fault map
Page 99 and 100: WQ8 is locatedin the north-western
Page 101 and 102: 5.4.5 Timiskaming Cluster (WQ9)The
Page 103 and 104: The known faults in WQ9 cluster are
Page 105 and 106: a) b)c) d)Figure 5.19: Summary of t
Page 107 and 108: ecorded within this cluster. As it
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5.22: Nodal plane strike for
Page 111 and 112: estricted to western Lake Ontario o
Page 113 and 114: More detailed look at the relations
Page 115 and 116: Baird, W.A. F., and McKinnon, S. D.
Page 117 and 118: Easton, R. M. (1986). Geochronology
Page 119 and 120: Havskov, J., and Ottemöller, L. (2
Page 121 and 122: Ma, S., and Adams, J. (2002). Estim
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Rimando, R. E., and Benn, K. (2005)
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Wahlstrom, R. (1987) Focal mechanis
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APPENDIX A: Examples of Input and O
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SUNO BZ SN 3 141 15.29SADO BZ SG 4
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EEO BZ SG 4 140 48.02 91 0.09 0 315
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PAL BZ PN 2 D 140 33.20 53 -0.21 1
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APPENDIX C: Faults Plane Solutions
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Appendix D: Focal Mechanisms From P
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19810707 -74.6 45.1 13.0 1.9 304.0
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19950603 -76.4 47.1 18.0 3.9 100.1
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20060225 -75.2 45.7 18.7 4.5 125.8
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