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900 THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LANGUAGE STUDIESاٌّئِْٕٛ‏ : 625 62)"Were not My Signs rehearsed to you, and ye did but treat them as falsehoods" ? (Al- Mu?minūn :105).63 ( )62-9 :""Does he not know and that which is (locked up)in (human) breast is made manifest when that which is in thegraves is scattered aboard?" (Al- ‏:‏adiyat؟ 9-10).64 ( )42 :"Which is better? – he that he is cast in the fire, or he that comes safe through, on the Day of Judgment" (Fusilat: 40).65 ( )8 : (""Is he, then, to whom the evil of his conduct is made alluring, so that he looks upon it". (Fātir: 8).23. Passive is used in the Holy Qur'an in supplication and curse." )" اٌجشٚج : 4 ) 66)"Woe to the makers of the bit (of fire)". (Al- Burūj: 4).67). )ٌ"Those who slander chaste, indiscreet and believing women are cursed in this life and in the Hereafter: for them is agrievous Chastisement." (Al- Nūr: 23)" )" اٌّبئذح 64: ) 68)"Be their hands tied up and be they accursed for the blasphemy they utter" (Al- Mā?ida: 64).The bold type passive verb forms in the above verses indicate either supplication or curses. See (Al- Razi: MafatihAl- Ghayb, Vol. 6, P. 80) and (Al- Shawkāni: Fath Al- Qadir, Vol. 1, P. 83)69) ) 669: )" ""Was not the covenant of the Book taken from them, they would not ascribe to Allah anything but the truth". (Al-A؟rāf: 169)'" أَءُلْقًَِ‏ ‏"(اٌمّش 25: ) 70)"Is it that the Messenger is sent to him, of all people amongst us? Nay, he is a liar, an insolent one?" (Al- Qamar: 25).أَأًُصِلَ‏ )" ص : 8 ) ) 71"What! Has the Messenger been sent to him – (of all persons) among us? But they are in doubt." (Sād: 8).All passive verb forms in the above verses are in the form of interrogative sentences to indicate disapproval, criticism,reprimand or dispraise. See (Al- Zamkhashari: Al- Kashaf: Vol. 2, P. 253), (Al- Matsani Abdul Azim: Al- Tafsir Al-Balāghi lil- Qur'an Al-Kareem: Vol. 2, P. 12 and Vol. 3, P. 28-29), (Ibn Kathir: Tafsir Al- Qur'an Al- Azim: Vol. 3, P.541). Therefore, the agent is not mentioned to honor and glorify Him.24. Agent – focusing.A correlate of the morphosyntactic changes to the verb in Modern Standard Arabic is a pragmatic function"agent defocusing" (Shibantani, 1985, P, 830, Myhill, 1997). Agent defocusing in Modern Standard Arabicoccurs in two ways (i) defocusing the agent to the full extent, by deleting it, or (ii) defocusing it to some degreei.e. by allowing it to show up in the prepositional phrase in the rhematic position (Agentive / long passive).Nevertheless, agent – defocusing, contrary to common beliefs, should not be understood to be a form ofdowngrading the agent by moving it to the end position. The following examples illustrate this point:" )" األٔعبَ‏ : 17 ) 72)"They say "Why is not a sign sent down to him from his Lord!" (Al-An?ām: 37)‏)األعشاف:‏ ) 221 73)""Say: "I but follow what is revealed to me from my Lord". (Al-A?rāf: 203).The agent "min rabbi" is presented in this verse to show that the Holy Qur'an is revealed to Mohammad fromAllah, but not from anybody else.25. PresuppositionAnother point that is worth mentioning has to do with the pragmatic notion of presupposition. ModernStandard Arabic presupposes the process and asserts the participants. The following verse is an illustrativeexample:74) ) 65:""Ye people of the book! Why dispute ye about Abraham, when the Torah and Gospel were not revealed tillafter him? Have ye no understanding?" (Al- Imrān: 65)Communicatively, the above passive construction could be an answer to the question "What happened?" whatis presupposed, therefore, is, in Enkrist's words (1979, P. 137), "information that the speaker (His AlmightyAllah in this context) believes that the recipients of the message already have." Thus the? unzilat" (were revealed)is presented as theme and old information and "? al – tawrah" (the Torah) and? al - ?injīl" (the Gospel) counts as" new " information. Therefore, the passive form "? unzilat" (were revealed) coincides at the message, whereasthe affected participant occurs as " new " within the rheme." أٌََُْ‏ رَىُْٓ‏ آ‎٠‎‏َبرِٟ‏ رُزْلَى ع‎١ٍََ‎‏ْىُُْ‏ فَىُٕزُُ‏ ثَِٙب رُىَزِثُْٛ‏ "( )أَفَال ‎٠‎‏َعٍَُْ‏ اِرَا ثُعْثِسَ‏ ‏َِب فِٟ‏ اٌْمُجُٛس٭ ‏َّحُصّلَ‏ ‏َِب فِٟ‏ اٌّصُذُٚسِ"‏ ‏)اٌعبد‎٠‎بد‏"أَفََّٓ‏ ‏ٌُلْقَى فًِ‏ الٌَبزِ‏ خ‎١َ‎‏ْشٌ‏ أََ‏ ‎٠‎‏َؤْرِٟ‏ َِٓ إًِٓب ٠ََْٛ اٌْم‎١ِ‎‏َبَِخ ‏")فّصٍذأَفََّٓ‏ شٌُِيَ‏ ٌَُٗ عُٛءُ‏ عٍََِِّٗ‏ فَشَآُٖ‏ حَغًَٕب"‏قُزِلَ‏ أَصْحَبةُ‏ األُخْذُٚدِ‏فبعش‏"اَِْ‏ اٌَز‎٠ِ‎‏َٓ‏ ‎٠‎‏َشَُِْْٛ‏ اٌُّْحّْصََٕبدِ‏ اٌْغَبفِالدِ‏ اٌُّْئَِْٕبدِ‏ لُعٌُِْا فِٟ‏ اٌذ‎١ُْٔ‎‏َب ‏َٚا‎٢‎خِشَحِ‏ ٌََُُْٚٙ عَزَاةٌ‏ أ‎١ٌ‎‏ُ‏ ‏")إٌٛس:‏‎21‎غُلَذ أ‎٠َ‎‏ْذ‎٠ِ‎‏ُِْٙ‏ ‏َّلُعٌُِْ‏ اْ‏ ثَِّب لَبٌُٛاْ‏أٌََُْ‏ ‏ٌُؤْخَرْ‏ ع‎١ٍََ‎‏ُِْٙ‏ ‎١ِ‎ثَبقُ‏ اٌْىِزَبةِ‏ أَْ‏ الَ‏ ‎٠‎‏َمٌُُٛٛاْ‏ عٍََٝ‏ اٌٍَِٗ‏ اِالَ‏ اٌْحَكَ‏اٌزِوْشُ‏ ع‎١ٍََ‎‏ِْٗ‏ ِٓ ث‎١َ‎‏َِْٕٕب ثًَْ‏ َُ٘ٛ وَزَاةٌ‏ أَشِش" ع‎١ٍََ‎‏ِْٗ‏ اٌزِوْشُ‏ ِٓ ث‎١َ‎‏َِْٕٕب ثًَْ‏ ُُْ٘ فِٟ‏ شَهٍ‏ ِٓ رِوْشِٞ‏‏ٚلبٌٛا ‏ٌَْٛال ‏ًُصِلَ‏ ع‎١ٍََ‎‏ِْٗ‏ آ‎٠‎‏َخٌ‏ هِي زَثَِِ‏لً‏ أّب إرجع ‏ِب ‎٠‎‏ٛحٟ‏ اٌٝ‏ هي زثً"‏األعشاف‎٠‎ب أً٘‏ اٌىزبة ٌُ رحبخٟٛٔ‏ فٟ‏ اثشا‎١٘‎‏ُ‏ ‏ِٚب أًصلذ الزْزاٍ‏ ‏ّاإلًجٍل اال ِٓ ثعذٖ‏ أفال رعمٍْٛ"‏ آ)‏ ي عّشاْ‏III. CONCLUSIONThe facts presented in this paper demonstrate that voice is a grammatical category that exists in Arabic ingeneral and in the Holy Qur'an in particular for certain purposes intended by the Almighty Allah. They also© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
THEORY AND PRACTICE IN LANGUAGE STUDIES 901prove it is one of the options available to native speakers of Arabic to express their viewpoints, value system,beliefs and assumptions through the semantic functions used to convey certain communicative functions.Qur'anic discourse is linguistic scenery characterized by a rainbow of syntactic, semantic and rhetoric featuresthat are distinct from other types of Arabic prose.Through this study we tried to investigate the semantic and stylistic functions of the passive constructions inthe Holy Qur'an. Such semantic functions are sometimes similar to those stated by the grammarians andsometimes they are different.IV. IMPLICATIONAlthough this study is linguistically descriptive and is not pedagogically oriented, it may have, nonetheless,pedagogical implications for foreign language teachers, to diagnose and remedy the difficulties their students mayencounter, translators, textbook writers, test makers, as well as syllabus designers.Moreover, this study may be of great help to ESP practitioners, who are interested in preparing ESP teachingmaterials based on the analysis of this authentic text (The Holy Qur'an) and concerned with the semantic functions andmeanings which are conveyed by the syntactic passive structures.REFERENCES[1] Al –Alousi, M. (1403). Rūħ Al- Ma؟āni fī Tafsīr Al- Qurān Al- Athīm, Dār Al- Turāth – Cairo.[2] Al-Ashmoni, A. (1955) Sharħ Al- Ashmoni. Maktabat Al-Nahdha Al- Missriyyah - Egypt.[3] Al -Iskafi, M. (1422). Durāt Al- Tanzīl wa Ghurat Al – Ta?wīl. Um Al- Qurā University – Mecca.[4] Al- Mallah, Y. (1989). "Masā'l fi-Al-Mabni lil – Majhul". Bethehem University Journal, VOL. 7, 8, 83-103.[5] Al –Naysabouri, N. (1381). Gharā?ib Al-Qur'an. Mustafa Al-Halabi Press – Egypt.[6] Al- Razi, F. (1993). "MaFātih-u Al-Ghayb. Dār Al- Ghad Al- Arabi – Cairo.[7] Al- Sāmarrā'i, I. (1980). Al – ‏:‏‎1‎؟Fi Zamānuh wa Abniyatuh – Mu'ssasat Al- Risalah – Amman.[8] Al- Soyouti. J. (1996). Al – Itqān fi ulūm؟ Al- Qur'an. Dār Al- Fikr – Lebanon.[9] Al- Shawakani, M. (1997). Fath Al– Qadīr. Dār Al- Wafā? – Al-Mansoura.[10] Al –Zarkashi, M. (1972). Al- Burhān fī ‏?‏uūm؟ al- Qurān .Al- Maktab Al- Asriya. Beirut- Lebanon.[11] Al –Zamakhshari Abu Al-Qasim, M. (1987). Al- Kashaf. Dār Al-Rayyan – Cairo.[12] Abu Hayyan, Al-Andalusi. (1412) Al-Bahr Al-Muħīt. Dār Al-Fikr – Beirut.[13] Allen, V.F. (1983). "A New Look at the Passive" English Teaching Forum, VOL. 21, NO.2 PP.8-11.[14] Celce –Murcia, M. and Drane Larsen – Freeman. (1983). The Grammar Book: An ESL/ EFL Teacher's Course Rowley, Mass,Newbury House.[15] Corray, M. (1967). "The English Passive Voice" ELT VOL, 21, NO.3, PP.203-10.[16] Enkrist, Nils Eric. (1979). "Marked Focus: Functions and Constraints." In: S.Greenbaum, G.Leech, J.Svartvik (ed), Studies inEnglish Linguistics for Randolph Quirk. London and New York: Longman, 134-152.[17] Foley, William A. and Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. (1985). "Information Packaging in the Clause" In: T. Shopen (ed.), LanguageTypology and Syntactic Structure. Cambridge: C.U.P., 281-364.[18] Givon, Talmy (1990). "Voice and De – transitivization". Syntax: A Functional Typological Introduction (Vol II). Amsterdam:John Benjamins, 563 - 644.[19] Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2 nd ed ). London: Edward Arnold.[20] Hasan, A. (1975). Al-Nahw-Al- Wāfi. Dār Al Ma'ārif- Misr-Cairo.[21] Holy Qur'an -English Translation of the Meanings and Commentary- Revised and Edited by the Presidency of IslamicResearches, Ifta', Call and Guidance- King Fahd Holy Qur'an Printing Complex-Al-Madinah Al- Munawarah (1404) A. H.[22] Huddleston, R.D. (1971). The Sentences in Written English: A Syntactic Study Based on an Analysis of Scientific Texts.Cambridge University Press. London.[23] Huddleston, R.D. (1984). Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge University Press. London.[24] Ibn Al- Qayyim Al-Jawziyya. Sh. (2003). Al-Fawā?id Al- Mushawiqa. Al- Maktabah Al- Asriya. Beirut. Lebanon.[25] Ibn Aqil, A. (1972). Sharh-u Ibn Agil, VOL-1, Dār Al-Fikr.Al-Arabi-Beirut.[26] Ibn Hisham.A. (1979). Awdah Al- Masalik.Vol. 2, Dār' Al-Turath Al-Arabi-Beirut.[27] Ibn Jinny, Abu AL-fath, O. (1998). Al-Muħtasib. Dār Al-Kutub Al-؟ilmiyya-Cairo.[28] Ibn Usfur. (1980). Sharh Jumal Al-Zajjaji. Vol. 1, Mu'ssasat Da:r Al-Kita:b, Musil University - Iraq.[29] Ibn Ya'ish, M. (no date). Sharħ Al- Mufasal. Al-Muniriyyah Press.[30] Jesperson, O. (1933). Essentials of English Grammar. George Allen and Unwin. Ltd- London.[31] Jesperson, O. (1951). The Philosophy of Grammar. George Allen and Unwin. Ltd- London.[32] Khalil, A. (1989). "The Passive Voice in English and Classical Arabic: Formation, Type and Function". BethlehemUniversity Journal, Vol.7, PP.7-38.[33] Keenan, Edward L. (1985). "Passive in the Worlds' Languages". In: T. Shopen (ed.), Language Typology and SyntacticStructure. Cambridge: C.U.P., 243-281.[34] Leech, G. and J. Svartvik. (1975). A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman Group Ltd-London.[35] Maghalesh, M.H. (2007). Al-Nahwa Al- Shāfi Dār Al-Masira Press –Amman, Jordan.[36] Myhill, John. (1997). "Pragmatic and Categorial Correlates of VS Word Order." Lingua 66, 177-200.[37] Palmer, F.R. (1965). A Linguistic Study of the English Verb. Longman, Green and Co Ltd. London.[38] Quirk .et.al. (1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English. Longman Group Ltd-London.[39] Quirk .et.al. (1985). A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Longman Group Ltd-London.© 2013 ACADEMY PUBLISHER
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