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7 Astree sensors Taste masking efficiency of Eudragit polymer vs. paracetamol(After 60s dissolution)Paracetamol100%Paracet. 40%Eudragit 60%Paracet. 50%Eudragit 50%Eudragit100%Paracet. 60%Eudragit 40%Placebo formulationActive formulationsFig. 4.4b: Electronic tongue ―taste map‖: Global signal comparison (PCA analysis of theelectrode responses) between pure and exrtuded formulations with EPO polymer afterdissolution for 60 s.The distance between active and polymer formulations are indicative of the tastepotency of each polymer. The closer the formulation is located to the placebo and the largerthe distances to the pure unpleasant PMOL are, the better the taste masking is [46] . A tasteimproved effect is thus observed for each of the three PMOL-VA64 extrudates compared topolymer alone (DI>80%). As shown in Fig. 4.6 a taste improvement is perceptible withVA64 with the highest average distance obtained for PMOL/VA64 at 30/70%.In Fig.4.5 it can also be seen that the PMOL/EPO extrudates showed closer distancesand lower DI to pure API. However, these distances suggest improved masking effect withthe best result achieved for PMOL loading at 50%.77 | P a g e
7 Astree sensorsTaste masking efficiency of polymers on paracetamol doses after 60s dissolution100010090090Distance to paracetamol (100%)8007006005004003002001000Kollidon 100%Para.(30%)Kol.(70%)Para.(40%)Kol.(60%)Kollidon VA64 polymer level’s efficiencyvs. paracetamol dosePara.(50%)Kol.(50%)Eudragit 100% Para. (40%)Eud.(60%)Para. (50%)Eud.(50%)Para. (60%)Eud.(40%)Eudragit polymer level’s efficiency vs.paracetamol dose80706050403020100DI (%)DI (%)Fig. 4.5: Distance and discrimination comparison between signal of 100% PMOLformulation and each polymer‘s formulation on Astree E-Tongue (after 60s).This last result is slightly different than the panelists‘ scores. Furthermore, a sensorycorrelated model based on Partial Least Square (PLS) was built to evaluate the correlationwith sensory scores as depicted in Fig. 4.6. The correlation model is valid (R²0).7 Astree sensors Taste correlation of polymer’s formulation vs. Paracetamol solutionKollidon VA64 polymerEudragit polymerParacetamol100%Paracetamol100%Paracet. 60%Eudragit 40%Paracet. 40%Kollidon 60%Paracet. 50%Kollidon 50%Paracet. 40%Eudragit 60%Paracet. 50%Eudragit 50%Paracet. 30%Kollidon 70%Pvalue=0.0842LVPvalue=0.102Fig. 4.6: Correlation of human sensory data ―Reference‖ with Astree electronic tonguemeasurements (―Measured‖).78 | P a g e
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DECLARATION“I certify that this w
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taste masking effect of the process
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CHAPTER 2: DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT
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3.2 Powder and ODT characterization
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3.7 In vitro drug release profiles
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3.1 Solubility parameters and extru
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polymers.7.2 DSC findings of all AP
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2.4b Diffractograms of FMT formulat
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4.3 Schematic representation of the
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55 exrudates (b) DPD/L100-55 PM (c)
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8.5d A plot of the logarithm of HCS
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L100Eudragit L100L100-55 Eudragit L
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Maniruzzaman M, Rai D, Boateng JS.
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Maniruzzaman M, Boateng JS, Bonnefi
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.0 Backgrou
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Table 1.1: HME and other convention
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homogenize but also compress the ex
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properties of polymers and excipien
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particles‘ wettability [46] . A v
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Table 1.2: Different hot-melt extru
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1.8 Aims and objectivesThe purpose
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29. Zheng X, Yang R, Tang X and Zhe
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56. International Conference on Har
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CHAPTER 2: DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT
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Fdid ,Vi F2pip , p( Ehi/ ViVi )i =
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used. Each sample was scanned from
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Furthermore, by means of thermodyna
Page 60 and 61: 3.2 Particle size morphology and pa
Page 62 and 63: Fig. 2.4a: Diffractograms of INM fo
Page 64 and 65: However, the DSC thermograms of the
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 2.5b: DSC thermograms of INM a
Page 68 and 69: Fig. 2.5e: DSC thermograms of FMT a
Page 70 and 71: Nevertheless, more than 80% FMT was
Page 72 and 73: 6. Caron V, Tajber L, Corrigan OI,
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATI
Page 76 and 77: 2.2 Hot-Melt extrusionHot-melt extr
Page 78 and 79: Committee of the University of Gree
Page 80 and 81: The PM of formulation II (40% IBU)
Page 82 and 83: Fig. 3.3: DSC thermograms of pure I
Page 84 and 85: As a general rule, the powder compr
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 3.4: Schematic diagram of ODT
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 3.5: Schematic diagram of ODTs
Page 90 and 91: Fig. 3.7: Schematic diagram of ODTs
Page 92 and 93: F2 0 0.5 0 1 0 1F6 0 0.5 0 1 0 2F7
Page 94 and 95: 6. M.F. Al-Omran, S.A. Al-Suwayeh,
Page 96 and 97: 30. L. Saerens, L. Dierickx, B. Len
Page 98 and 99: leading to significant variations w
Page 100 and 101: 2.6. In vitro drug release studiesI
Page 102 and 103: v2d 2p(4.1)Table 4.1: Calculated so
Page 104 and 105: The observed melting peaks are shif
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 4.2a: Powder XRPD patterns of
Page 108 and 109: Interestingly, no difference was ob
Page 112 and 113: The in vitro e-tongue evaluation wa
Page 114 and 115: 3. K. Woertz, C. Tissen, P. Kleineb
Page 116 and 117: 25. B.C. Hancock, P. York, R.C. Row
Page 118 and 119: CHAPTER 5: AN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Page 120 and 121: (dispersion forces and polarization
Page 122 and 123: Table 5.1: Sample preparation for t
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.2: Solubility parameters ca
Page 126 and 127: Physical mixtures (PM) and extruded
Page 128 and 129: Fig. 5.2c: Thermograms of CTZ and V
Page 130 and 131: masking effect for active concentra
Page 132 and 133: Fig. 5.5b: Distance and discriminat
Page 134 and 135: Table 5.4: Mean standard deviation
Page 136 and 137: Fig. 5.6b: Release profiles of VRP
Page 138 and 139: 17. Woertz K,Tissen C, Kleinebudde
Page 140 and 141: scale or lower. XPS is more accurat
Page 142 and 143: patterns were identified after ener
Page 144 and 145: 3.3 Differential scanning calorimet
Page 146 and 147: Fig. 6.3a: Diffractograms of PRP fo
Page 148 and 149: good agreement with the anticipated
Page 150 and 151: Since L100 contained higher proport
Page 152 and 153: at ~533.01 eV is the combination of
Page 154 and 155: Finally, the XPS analysis confirmed
Page 156 and 157: Fig. 6.6b: 1 H NMR spectra of all P
Page 158 and 159: 6) Bonferoni, M.C.; Rossi, S.; Ferr
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26) Vandencasteele, N.; Reniers, F.
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Gibbs free energy change before and
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2.5 Hot-melt extrusion (HME) proces
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2.11 X-ray photoelectron spectrosco
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Table 7.2: DSC findings of all APIs
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3.4 In vivo and in vitro taste mask
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Fig. 7.3c: Normalised DI (%) of all
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Table 7.4: Binding energy calculati
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PRP/ polymers extruded in compariso
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atom as NH + 4 . This observed N 1s
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8.0 ConclusionsThe presence of inte
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20. Davies MC, Wilding IR, Short RD
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CHAPTER 8: SUSTAINED RELEASE HYDROC
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2.3 Preparation of formulation blen
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medium pH was maintained as 1.2 by
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Fig. 8.1: SEM images of [(a), (b)]
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Fig. 8.2b: DSC transitions of HCS/E
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in the range of 10-12 kP. However,
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ate and time on the basis of Eq. (8
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Fig. 8.5c: A plot of the cubic root
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when n > 0.89. From the results of
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14. Lam PL, Lee KKH,Wong RSM, Cheng
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Furthermore, HME has successfully b
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Supp. Fig. 2: XPS O 1s peaks for PR
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Supp. Fig. 4: O 1s BE peaks for L10
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8.2 s 6.2 s 3.8 s 1.8 s 200 msS
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12.2 s 9.0 s 6.2 s 3.8 s 1.8 s
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Supplementary table 1: Solubility p
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N = 55000/ 219.2 = 250.912Density:
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(4) Eudragit L100, N = (125000/202
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