Development of hot-melt extrusion as a novel technique for the ...

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Committee of the University of Greenwich). The study is also in accordance with the Code ofEthics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). The healthy volunteers ofeither sex (age 18–25) were selected, trained and one tablet was held in the mouth after rinsingand the time required for complete disintegration of the tablet was recorded. The time when thetablet placed on the tongue disintegrated without leaving any lumps was taken as the end point.The disintegrated material was held in the mouth for another 60 seconds, and then spat out. Themouth was rinsed with water without swallowing the disintegrated material and, finally, theroughness levels were recorded on a numerical scale ranging from 0 to 3 where 0, 1, 2, and 3indicate no, slight, moderate, and high roughness, respectively.The equivalent of 200 mg of pure IBU was held in the mouth for 10 seconds and then spat out,and 1 ODT (containing equal amounts of IBU) was held in the mouth until completedisintegration (three tablets per trained volunteer). Bitterness was recorded immediately and atseveral intervals for 15 minutes according to the bitterness intensity scale from 0 to 3 where 0,0.5, 1, 2, and 3 indicate no, threshold, slight, moderate, and strong bitterness.2.9 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)The physical state of the pure drugs and the coated granules were examined by differentialscanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermographs of each powder were obtained by using aMettler-Toledo 823e (Greifensee, Switzerland) differential scanning calorimeter. Samplesaccurately weighed (2-3 mg) were placed in pierced aluminium pans and heated from 20 to260 C at a scanning rate of 10 C min -1 in a nitrogen atmosphere.2.10 X-ray powder diffractionSamples of pure and loaded IBU were evaluated using a Bruker D8 Advance in theta-thetamode, Cu anode at 40 kV and 40 mA, parallel beam Goebel mirror, 0.2 mm exit slit, LynxEyePosition Sensitive Detector with 3 degree opening and LynxIris at 6.5 mm, sample rotation at15rpm. The sample was scanned from 5 to 45 o 2-theta with a step size of 0.02 degrees 2-thetaand a counting time of 0.2 seconds per step; 176 channels active on the position sensitivedetector making a total counting time of 35.2 seconds per step.2.11 In vitro drug release studiesIn vitro drug release studies were carried out in 750 ml of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid for 2 hrusing a Varian 705 DS dissolution paddle apparatus (Varian Inc. North Carolina, US) at 100 rpmand 37 ± 0.5 o C. After 2 hr operation, 250 ml of 0.20 M solution of trisodium phosphate45 | P a g e
dodecahydrate were added into the vessel (buffer stage, pH 6.8) that has been equilibrated to 37°C. At predetermined time intervals samples were withdrawn for HPLC assay. All dissolutionstudies were performed in triplicate2.12 HPLC analysisThe amounts of released IBU were determined by HPLC. An Agilent Technologies systemequipped with a NUCLEODUR ® C18 Pyramid, 5 m x 125 m x 4 mm column at 254 nm wasused for the IBU HPLC assay. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/water (1% acetic acid)(50:50, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the retention time of IBU was 6.0 minutes. TheIBU calibration curves (R 2 =0.999), at concentrations varying from 10 µg/ml to 200µg/ml, wereused to evaluate all the samples with 10µl injection volume.3.0 Results and discussion3.1 Hot-melt extrusion processThe HME process was conducted at 140 o C to produce smooth extrudates at two differentIBU loadings of 25 and 40%. The Eudragit® EPO is an amorphous copolymer based ondimethylaminoethyl methacrylate and neutral methacrylic esters with a low glass transitiontemperature of 48.6 o C [27] . Eudragit® EPO was chosen as the primary matrix-forming polymerdue to its cationic nature that could facilitate drug-polymer interactions. In addition, EPO‘ssolubility in gastric media up to pH 5 renders it an excellent carrier in order to provideimmediate release of the active substance. Finally EPO is extremely thermally stable towithstand the HME process. For the purposes of the study no plasticizer was used as IBU hasbeen found to present plasticising effects compared to traditional plasticizers [28] . Usually,plasticizers are low molecular weight compounds that convert rigid polymers into flexible onesby reducing their glass transition temperature. IBU has shown concentration-dependentplasticizing properties as it is homogenously dispersed on a molecular level in the ethylcellulosematrix by creating hydrogen bonding. However, it was important to add an anti–tacking agentsuch as talc to avoid tackiness of the EPO polymer.The tackiness of acrylic polymers increases with the amount of plasticizer and in this case withthe IBU amount due to the softening of the polymer [29] . This effect is eliminated by adding theappropriate talc amounts. The extruded materials still presented some tackiness and thusmicronization was carried out under cryogenic milling conditions. The particle size distributionobtained is depicted in Fig. 3.1 and shows low percentages of fine particles with only 4.5 %below 40µm. Similarly, a small particle fraction of 5% was observed between 400-500µm. Themajority of the particles lay in the size range of 100-400µm.46 | P a g e
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DECLARATION“I certify that this w
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taste masking effect of the process
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CHAPTER 2: DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT
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3.2 Powder and ODT characterization
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3.7 In vitro drug release profiles
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3.1 Solubility parameters and extru
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polymers.7.2 DSC findings of all AP
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2.4b Diffractograms of FMT formulat
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4.3 Schematic representation of the
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55 exrudates (b) DPD/L100-55 PM (c)
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8.5d A plot of the logarithm of HCS
Page 28 and 29: L100Eudragit L100L100-55 Eudragit L
Page 30 and 31: Maniruzzaman M, Rai D, Boateng JS.
Page 32 and 33: Maniruzzaman M, Boateng JS, Bonnefi
Page 34 and 35: CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1.0 Backgrou
Page 36 and 37: Table 1.1: HME and other convention
Page 38 and 39: homogenize but also compress the ex
Page 40 and 41: properties of polymers and excipien
Page 42 and 43: particles‘ wettability [46] . A v
Page 44 and 45: Table 1.2: Different hot-melt extru
Page 46 and 47: 1.8 Aims and objectivesThe purpose
Page 48 and 49: 29. Zheng X, Yang R, Tang X and Zhe
Page 50 and 51: 56. International Conference on Har
Page 52 and 53: CHAPTER 2: DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT
Page 54 and 55: Fdid ,Vi F2pip , p( Ehi/ ViVi )i =
Page 56 and 57: used. Each sample was scanned from
Page 58 and 59: Furthermore, by means of thermodyna
Page 60 and 61: 3.2 Particle size morphology and pa
Page 62 and 63: Fig. 2.4a: Diffractograms of INM fo
Page 64 and 65: However, the DSC thermograms of the
Page 66 and 67: Fig. 2.5b: DSC thermograms of INM a
Page 68 and 69: Fig. 2.5e: DSC thermograms of FMT a
Page 70 and 71: Nevertheless, more than 80% FMT was
Page 72 and 73: 6. Caron V, Tajber L, Corrigan OI,
Page 74 and 75: CHAPTER 3: DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATI
Page 76 and 77: 2.2 Hot-Melt extrusionHot-melt extr
Page 80 and 81: The PM of formulation II (40% IBU)
Page 82 and 83: Fig. 3.3: DSC thermograms of pure I
Page 84 and 85: As a general rule, the powder compr
Page 86 and 87: Fig. 3.4: Schematic diagram of ODT
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 3.5: Schematic diagram of ODTs
Page 90 and 91: Fig. 3.7: Schematic diagram of ODTs
Page 92 and 93: F2 0 0.5 0 1 0 1F6 0 0.5 0 1 0 2F7
Page 94 and 95: 6. M.F. Al-Omran, S.A. Al-Suwayeh,
Page 96 and 97: 30. L. Saerens, L. Dierickx, B. Len
Page 98 and 99: leading to significant variations w
Page 100 and 101: 2.6. In vitro drug release studiesI
Page 102 and 103: v2d 2p(4.1)Table 4.1: Calculated so
Page 104 and 105: The observed melting peaks are shif
Page 106 and 107: Fig. 4.2a: Powder XRPD patterns of
Page 108 and 109: Interestingly, no difference was ob
Page 110 and 111: 7 Astree sensors Taste masking effi
Page 112 and 113: The in vitro e-tongue evaluation wa
Page 114 and 115: 3. K. Woertz, C. Tissen, P. Kleineb
Page 116 and 117: 25. B.C. Hancock, P. York, R.C. Row
Page 118 and 119: CHAPTER 5: AN IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Page 120 and 121: (dispersion forces and polarization
Page 122 and 123: Table 5.1: Sample preparation for t
Page 124 and 125: Table 5.2: Solubility parameters ca
Page 126 and 127: Physical mixtures (PM) and extruded
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Fig. 5.2c: Thermograms of CTZ and V
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masking effect for active concentra
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Fig. 5.5b: Distance and discriminat
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Table 5.4: Mean standard deviation
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Fig. 5.6b: Release profiles of VRP
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17. Woertz K,Tissen C, Kleinebudde
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scale or lower. XPS is more accurat
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patterns were identified after ener
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3.3 Differential scanning calorimet
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Fig. 6.3a: Diffractograms of PRP fo
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good agreement with the anticipated
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Since L100 contained higher proport
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at ~533.01 eV is the combination of
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Finally, the XPS analysis confirmed
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Fig. 6.6b: 1 H NMR spectra of all P
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6) Bonferoni, M.C.; Rossi, S.; Ferr
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26) Vandencasteele, N.; Reniers, F.
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Gibbs free energy change before and
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2.5 Hot-melt extrusion (HME) proces
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2.11 X-ray photoelectron spectrosco
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Table 7.2: DSC findings of all APIs
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3.4 In vivo and in vitro taste mask
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Fig. 7.3c: Normalised DI (%) of all
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Table 7.4: Binding energy calculati
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PRP/ polymers extruded in compariso
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atom as NH + 4 . This observed N 1s
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8.0 ConclusionsThe presence of inte
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20. Davies MC, Wilding IR, Short RD
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CHAPTER 8: SUSTAINED RELEASE HYDROC
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2.3 Preparation of formulation blen
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medium pH was maintained as 1.2 by
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Fig. 8.1: SEM images of [(a), (b)]
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Fig. 8.2b: DSC transitions of HCS/E
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in the range of 10-12 kP. However,
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ate and time on the basis of Eq. (8
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Fig. 8.5c: A plot of the cubic root
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when n > 0.89. From the results of
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14. Lam PL, Lee KKH,Wong RSM, Cheng
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Furthermore, HME has successfully b
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Supp. Fig. 2: XPS O 1s peaks for PR
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Supp. Fig. 4: O 1s BE peaks for L10
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8.2 s 6.2 s 3.8 s 1.8 s 200 msS
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12.2 s 9.0 s 6.2 s 3.8 s 1.8 s
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Supplementary table 1: Solubility p
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N = 55000/ 219.2 = 250.912Density:
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(4) Eudragit L100, N = (125000/202
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