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CHAPTER XIWater Quality of Rivers in Mahanadi Basin11.1 Mahanadi River SystemThe Mahanadi basin extends over an area of 141 thousands sq km. lying in thenorth east of the Deccan plateau, the basin covers large areas in the States ofChattisgarh and Orissa, and only small areas in Bihar and Maharashtra. Theupper basin is a saucer-shaped depression known as the Chhatisgarh. TheMahanadi rises in a pool, 6 km from Pharsiya village near Nagri town in Raipurdistrict of Chattisgarh, and falls into the Bay of Bengal, near False point about 16km below the confluence of the Chitarala and the Mahanadi.The total length ofthe river from the head to its outfall into the sea is 851 km of which 357 km are inChattisgarh and the balance of 494 km are in Orissa. The Seonath, the Jonk, theHasdeo, the Mand, the Ib, the Ong and the Tel are the principal tributaries of theMahanadi river.The water quality study reveals that the water of Mahanadi is comparatively lesspolluted compared to the other similar rivers in the country. However, certainstretches like the D/s portion of river Ib at Brajrajnagar, D/s of Sambalpur andCuttack have comparatively higher degree of pollution. The pollution of Ib riveris easily attributable to the discharges from a large paper industry situated inBrajrajnagar. In the majority of the other locations the BOD and the totalcoliform are the two parameters that are mainly responsible for lowering the waterquality. While at places like Tikarapara this could be due to run-off from theareas adjoining the riverbanks that are generally used by the village people fordefection. At the urban centres, the high BOD and coliform levels are obviouslydue to the discharges into the river from domestic sources either directly orindirectly. None of the towns small or large, on the banks of Mahanadi have anyregular sewerage system or sewage treatment plants and the domestic wastes findtheir way mostly through small nullah or storm water drains which join the D/s ofthe Ib river at Brajrajnagar causing serious depletion of oxygen level along thewhole stretch which cause serious threat to the aquatic lives.Korba has been identified as a critically polluted area in this river basin. Theindustrial as well as domestic wastewaters are being discharged into the RiverHasdeo directly as well as through river Ahiran and Dengur Nala. The majorsource of pollution in the river is due to Thermal Power Plants, Bharat AluminiumCompany, Captive power plant of BALCO, IBP (explosive unit) and coal miningoperations. The action plan formulated suggests that the capacity of ash ponds ofthermal ponds of BALCO have to be augmented.93
The river has often been referred to as the ‘Sorrow of Orissa’. The inhabitedinner basin Chattisgarh plain suffered frequent droughts whereas the fertile deltaicarea has been wrecked by repeated floods.The basin area of the Mahanadi has a large number of industrial complexes in theOrissa portion of the basin the major industries are paper. textiles and thermalpower plants at Choudwar, fertiliser and breweries at Paradeep, Sugar industriesof Nayagarh, Badamba, Cement industry at Bargarh, paper industry ofBrajrajnagar, coal mining areas of Rampur and lb valley, and an aluminiumsmelter at Hirakud.Most of these industries are located on the banks of the river Mahanadi or itstributaries and distributaries, which are used to carry the industrial effluents andwastewater from these industries. From the point of view of significantenvironmental impacts, the important medium scale industries are the chemical,textile, paper, cement, and leather tanning which consume large quantities ofwater.Iron and steel industry at Bhilai, cement industries at Durg and Raipur, textileindustry of Rajnandagaon, aluminium and thermal power plants at Korba are themajor polluting industries in the State of M.P that falls in the river basin. Allthese major units are located on the riverbanks of Seonath, Kharoon and Hasdeo.The medium scale industries include chemical and distilleries of Durg, cementindustries of Raipur, Iron and steel of Urla, paper industries of Bilaspur and manyother agro based industries.All the industries are discharging their wastewater either directly or indirectly toriver Mahanadi as well as its tributaries. The vast mineral and human resourcesof the basin besides power generation infrastructure has resulted in a growth of alarge variety of industries. The industries using the river bodies as the ultimatesink need to establish effluent treatment plants so that the designated best use ofthe river is sustained.The basin area of Mahanadi is covering the States of Chhattisgarh, MadhyaPradesh, Orissa and Jharkhand. The important urban centres in these States areRajnandgaon, Korba, Bilaspur, Durg, Raipur, Dhamtari, Raigarh,Rajharajharandalli in Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh. And Cuttack, Puri,Sambalpur, Jatani, Balangir, Bargarh, Bhawanipatna, Brajarajnagar andJharsuguda in Orissa.11.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Mahanadi BasinThe State Pollution Control Boards of Chhatissgarh and Orissa at 48 locations aredoing the water quality monitoring of the River Mahanadi and its severaltributaries in the basin. The ranges of water quality observed in River Mahanadiand its tributary streams viz. Seonath, Kharoon, Hasdeo, Kelo, Ib, Kuakhai, Daya,Kathajodi, Sankha, Tel and Birupa with respect to Temperature, pH, DO,94
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Monitoring of Indiann National Aqua
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CONTENTSExecutive SummaryPageI-XIII
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9.1 Narmada River System9.2 Water Q
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PageChapter XIX Water Quality of La
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(E), Varuna, Sai, Gomti, Rapti, Sar
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Purna, Kanhan, Wena, Darna, Nira, P
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Tapi 10.0 16.0 Decreasing Vel 14.0
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KeralaOrissaJanunia Talab inMadhya
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Imphal, Kallai, Puzhackal, Venna &W
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CHAPTER 1WATER AVAILABILITY, POLLUT
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1.1.2 Industrial RequirementAnother
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Population Stress and water insecur
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industrial establishments and runof
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for different uses have been identi
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CHAPTER-IIWATER QUALITY MONITORING
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Table-2.2 List of Parametersunder N
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2.4 State/UnionTerritory (UT) Level
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PUNJAB(TOTAL‐69)•RIVERS :38•L
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BOD, FC and TC whereas DO, pH and C
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whereas Conductivity, Nitrate, FC a
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environment. Water Quality (ground
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Conductivity, TC and FC is confirmi
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Table 2.5: SURFACE WATER- Percent V
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Table 2.7: RIVERS- Percent Violatio
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Table 2.9: PONDS- Percent Violation
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Figure 2: Water Quality Trend (BOD,
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Figure 3.3: Water Quality Trend of
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Page 62 and 63:
Table 3.1: Water Quality in Indian
Page 64 and 65: Name of theRiverLength (Km)No of Mo
Page 70 and 71: 4.1 Indus River SystemCHAPTER IVWat
Page 72 and 73: FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100001000
Page 74 and 75: Figure 4.3: Water Quality of River
Page 76 and 77: 5.1 Ganga River SystemCHAPTER VWate
Page 78 and 79: 12WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA IN U
Page 80 and 81: FAECAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)100000100
Page 82 and 83: TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100000010
Page 84 and 85: CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)1000100101W
Page 88 and 89: The availability of water in River
Page 90 and 91: The low value of DO (0.0 mg/l) is o
Page 92 and 93: CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)10000100010
Page 94 and 95: Burhi Gandak, Harbora, Kamla, Manus
Page 96 and 97: The Faecal Coliform value ranges fr
Page 98 and 99: CHAPTER VIWater Quality of Rivers i
Page 100 and 101: TOTAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)1000001000
Page 102 and 103: CHAPTER VII7.1 Mahi River SystemWat
Page 104 and 105: TOTAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)100WATER Q
Page 106 and 107: 8.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Sab
Page 108 and 109: presented as minimum, maximum and m
Page 110 and 111: CHAPTER X10.1 Tapi River SystemWate
Page 112 and 113: The water quality of other tributar
Page 116 and 117: Conductivity, BOD, Nitrate +Nitrite
Page 118 and 119: 100000WATER QUALITY OF RIVER MAHANA
Page 120 and 121: 100000WATER QUALITY OF RIVERR MAHAN
Page 122 and 123: CHAPTER XIIWater Quality of Rivers
Page 126 and 127: 12.4 Water Quality of River Baitarn
Page 128 and 129: CHAPTER XIIIWater Quality of Rivers
Page 130 and 131: B.O.D. (mg/l)8.0WATER QUALITY OF RI
Page 132 and 133: CHAPTER XIVWater Quality of Rivers
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER XVWater Quality of Rivers i
Page 143 and 144: TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100001000
Page 145 and 146: BOD ranges from 1.4 to 23.5 mg/l in
Page 147 and 148: 16.2.1 Water Quality ofRiver Penner
Page 149 and 150: WATER QUALITY OF RIVER CAUVERY INKA
Page 151 and 152: CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)10000100010
Page 153 and 154: CHAPTER XVIIIWater Quality of Mediu
Page 155 and 156: 18.4 Water Quality of Medium and Mi
Page 157 and 158: The water quality monitoring of Riv
Page 161 and 162: 18.8.1 Water Quality of Creeks and
Page 163 and 164: 19.1 Lantic Water BodiesCHAPTER XIX
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DO varies from 0.4 mg/l to 14.3 mg/
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(1.9 mg/l) & Surinsar Lake (2.2 mg/
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CHAPTER XXAssessment of Groundwater
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20.6 Status of Ground Water Quality
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Paithan (4.0 mg/ l), TPS Durgapur (
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varies from 356-1015 µmhos/cm and
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SIRSA AT D/S NALAGARH DISTT.HIMACHA
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KOSHI RIVER AT KURSHELA ATBIHAR2565
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POINT OF OIL INDIA LTD.)2065 PAGLDI
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TABLE 11.1 : - WATER QUALITY OF RIV
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TABLE 13.1 :- WATER QUALITY OF RIVE
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2723RLY BDG, HINGANGHAT 0 0 4WENA A
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MULA AT HARRISON BRIDGE NEAR2194MAH
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DAMANGANGA AT DAMAN JETTY, MOTI DAM
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2293 R KADALUNDI AT HAJIRAPPALLY KE
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0 0 8 8GHAGGAR AT U/S DHAKANSU NALL
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CHOUPATHY. 0 0 0 0 326. 29. 28.1928
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25. 26. 26.1579 ALAPPUZHA KERALA5.6
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BASKANDI POND INSIDE THE2225ASSAM 8
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22.283 286 285 2.7 3.4 3.051 5 3224
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WELL AT ELOOR, KERALAKERALA26.1924
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AKOT, AKOLA22. 7.82002MAHARASHTRA 2
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OPPOSITE PRIVATE BUS STAND,7.12030A
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1658NEAR RIVER KUSHABHADRA, PURI,OR
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