Q ST QUA TAT ALIT US O TY IN OF W N IN WA NDIA ATER A- 2 R ...

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1.1.2 Industrial RequirementAnother important factor that influences the state of water security in India, is the extent ofindustrialization. In India, the maximum utilization was 5 per cent in 2000 (FAO 2000).Industrial activity requires large amounts of freshwater for activities such as boiling, cleaning,air-conditioning, cooling, processing, transportation and energy production. As the countryrapidly industrializes, greater quantities of water will be required.The positive side of this trendis that water used in industrial processes can be recycled, unlike in agriculture where very littleof it is actually consumed.1.1.3 Municipal RequirementThe water policy has ranked the requirement of water for drinking purposes as prime. It isestimated that about 50 billion litres of municipal water is required every day based on thepopulation figures of urban India which is about 360 million. The urban population may exceedover 800 million by the year 2050 and the resultant municipal water requirement will be of themagnitude of over 110 billion litres per day. Besides the requirement of rural population (1.1billion) shall be about 44 billion litres per day for the year 2050.1.2 Climate ChangeIn the context of anticipated global warming due to increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases, itis necessary to evaluate the possible impact on freshwater resources of the country. Potentialimpacts of global warming on water resources include enhanced evaporation, geographicalchanges in precipitation intensity, duration and frequency (together affecting the average runoff),soil moisture, and the frequency and severity of droughts and floods. Future projectionsusing climate models point to an increase in the monsoon rainfall in most parts of India, withincreasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. Relatively small climatic changes can havehuge impact on water resources, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions such as North-WestIndia. This will have impacts on agriculture, drinking water, and on generation of hydroelectricpower, resulting in limited water supply and land degradation. Apart from monsoon rains, Indiauses perennial rivers which originate in the Hindukush and Himalayan ranges and depend onglacial melt-waters. Since the melting season coincides with the summer monsoon season, anyintensification of the monsoon is likely to contribute to flood disasters in the Himalayancatchment. Rising temperatures will also contribute to a rise in the snowline, reducing thecapacity of these natural reservoirs, and increasing the risk of flash floods during the wet season.Increase in temperatures can lead to increased eutrophication in wetlands and fresh watersupplies.1.3 Current and Future Water RequirementsIn 1990, the total water withdrawal was estimated at 552 bcm i.e. 30 per cent of the country'srenewable water resources (1869 bcm). The contribution from surface water was 362 bcm, while3
the groundwater withdrawal was estimated at 190 bcm. Approximately 460 bcm was used forirrigation while 25 bcm was used for domestic needs. About 19 bcm and 15 bcm were used forenergy and industrial purposes respectively. Currently, more than 80 per cent of the 750 bcmwater used in India is for irrigation. The balance 20 per cent is used to meet domestic, energy,industrial and other requirements. With the rapidly growing population, along with industrial andurbanization activities, the demand for water is expected to increase even faster. Estimatesindicate that by the year 2025, the total water demand of 1050 bcm will be very close to the totalutilizable water resources of 1,122 bcm in the country. Though projections are not availablebeyond 2025, it is evident that the country may have to face an acute water crisis unless clear andstrategic measures are adopted now. It is pertinent to note that more attention is also required toscientifically assess the water requirements for ecosystems security. Today, approximately 40per cent (748 bcm) of available water resources is considered to be unutilizable due to a varietyof factors. Probably, this is a blessing in disguise since that water must be catering to therequirements of the ecosystems.1.3.1 Temporal DistributionAlmost 80 per cent of the rainfall occurs in the four monsoon months from June to September.Even within these four months, most of the rainfall occurs as few spells of intense rain. It isestimated that in Himalayan Rivers, where there is some flow due to snowmelt also, about 80 percent of the total annual flow takes place within these four monsoon months. In peninsular rivers,where there is no contribution from snowmelt, monsoon flow accounts for more than 90 per centof the annual flow. In this context, retention and storage of water becomes imperative. Moreimportant is the scale at which retention or storage activities are undertaken. Large dams havetheir fair share of adverse social and environmental impacts, besides causing conflicts betweenriparian States. In today's context, large storage structures may be attempted only after theirbenefits are weighed carefully against their social and ecological costs. On the other hand, thecountry has large numbers of traditional water harvesting structures. Unfortunately, most of themare dilapidated, silted or have been encroached upon due to the breakdown of the traditionalcommunity-based management systems and neglect by the concerned departments. Revival ofthese traditional water harvesting structures, coupled with modern watershed managementsystems including large scale afforestation and regeneration of degraded lands (covering 30 percent of the country), small structures like check dams, gully plugs and other systems cansignificantly enhance the surface water retention and storage capacity and also recharge thegroundwater aquifers.1.3.2 Spatial DistributionPrecipitation in India is not uniformly distributed and varies from less than 100 mm/year inRajasthan to more than 2,500 mm/year in Assam. Consequently, despite the current availability,water is not evenly distributed or used around the country. Brahmaputra and Barak basin, with7.3 per cent of the geographical area and 4.2 per cent of the country's population, have 31 percent of the annual water resources.4
Page 1: Monitoring of Indiann National Aqua
Page 4 and 5: CONTENTSExecutive SummaryPageI-XIII
Page 6 and 7: 9.1 Narmada River System9.2 Water Q
Page 8 and 9: PageChapter XIX Water Quality of La
Page 10 and 11: (E), Varuna, Sai, Gomti, Rapti, Sar
Page 12: Purna, Kanhan, Wena, Darna, Nira, P
Page 16 and 17: Tapi 10.0 16.0 Decreasing Vel 14.0
Page 18 and 19: KeralaOrissaJanunia Talab inMadhya
Page 20 and 21: Imphal, Kallai, Puzhackal, Venna &W
Page 22 and 23: CHAPTER 1WATER AVAILABILITY, POLLUT
Page 26 and 27: Population Stress and water insecur
Page 28 and 29: industrial establishments and runof
Page 30 and 31: for different uses have been identi
Page 32 and 33: CHAPTER-IIWATER QUALITY MONITORING
Page 34 and 35: Table-2.2 List of Parametersunder N
Page 36 and 37: 2.4 State/UnionTerritory (UT) Level
Page 38 and 39: PUNJAB(TOTAL‐69)•RIVERS :38•L
Page 40 and 41: BOD, FC and TC whereas DO, pH and C
Page 42 and 43: whereas Conductivity, Nitrate, FC a
Page 44 and 45: environment. Water Quality (ground
Page 46 and 47: Conductivity, TC and FC is confirmi
Page 48 and 49: Table 2.5: SURFACE WATER- Percent V
Page 50 and 51: Table 2.7: RIVERS- Percent Violatio
Page 52 and 53: Table 2.9: PONDS- Percent Violation
Page 54 and 55: Figure 2: Water Quality Trend (BOD,
Page 56 and 57: Figure 3.3: Water Quality Trend of
Page 62 and 63: Table 3.1: Water Quality in Indian
Page 64 and 65: Name of theRiverLength (Km)No of Mo
Page 70 and 71: 4.1 Indus River SystemCHAPTER IVWat
Page 72 and 73: FECAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100001000
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 4.3: Water Quality of River
Page 76 and 77:
5.1 Ganga River SystemCHAPTER VWate
Page 78 and 79:
12WATER QUALITY OF RIVER GANGA IN U
Page 80 and 81:
FAECAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)100000100
Page 82 and 83:
TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100000010
Page 84 and 85:
CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)1000100101W
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
The availability of water in River
Page 90 and 91:
The low value of DO (0.0 mg/l) is o
Page 92 and 93:
CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)10000100010
Page 94 and 95:
Burhi Gandak, Harbora, Kamla, Manus
Page 96 and 97:
The Faecal Coliform value ranges fr
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER VIWater Quality of Rivers i
Page 100 and 101:
TOTAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)1000001000
Page 102 and 103:
CHAPTER VII7.1 Mahi River SystemWat
Page 104 and 105:
TOTAL COLIFORM(MPN/100ml)100WATER Q
Page 106 and 107:
8.2 Water Quality Monitoring in Sab
Page 108 and 109:
presented as minimum, maximum and m
Page 110 and 111:
CHAPTER X10.1 Tapi River SystemWate
Page 112 and 113:
The water quality of other tributar
Page 114 and 115:
CHAPTER XIWater Quality of Rivers i
Page 116 and 117:
Conductivity, BOD, Nitrate +Nitrite
Page 118 and 119:
100000WATER QUALITY OF RIVER MAHANA
Page 120 and 121:
100000WATER QUALITY OF RIVERR MAHAN
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER XIIWater Quality of Rivers
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
12.4 Water Quality of River Baitarn
Page 128 and 129:
CHAPTER XIIIWater Quality of Rivers
Page 130 and 131:
B.O.D. (mg/l)8.0WATER QUALITY OF RI
Page 132 and 133:
CHAPTER XIVWater Quality of Rivers
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER XVWater Quality of Rivers i
Page 141 and 142:
Page 143 and 144:
TOTAL COLIFORM (MPN/100ml)100001000
Page 145 and 146:
BOD ranges from 1.4 to 23.5 mg/l in
Page 147 and 148:
16.2.1 Water Quality ofRiver Penner
Page 149 and 150:
WATER QUALITY OF RIVER CAUVERY INKA
Page 151 and 152:
CONDUCTIVITY (µmhos/cm)10000100010
Page 153 and 154:
CHAPTER XVIIIWater Quality of Mediu
Page 155 and 156:
18.4 Water Quality of Medium and Mi
Page 157 and 158:
The water quality monitoring of Riv
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
18.8.1 Water Quality of Creeks and
Page 163 and 164:
19.1 Lantic Water BodiesCHAPTER XIX
Page 165 and 166:
DO varies from 0.4 mg/l to 14.3 mg/
Page 167 and 168:
(1.9 mg/l) & Surinsar Lake (2.2 mg/
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER XXAssessment of Groundwater
Page 171 and 172:
20.6 Status of Ground Water Quality
Page 173 and 174:
Paithan (4.0 mg/ l), TPS Durgapur (
Page 175 and 176:
varies from 356-1015 µmhos/cm and
Page 177 and 178:
SIRSA AT D/S NALAGARH DISTT.HIMACHA
Page 179 and 180:
KOSHI RIVER AT KURSHELA ATBIHAR2565
Page 181 and 182:
POINT OF OIL INDIA LTD.)2065 PAGLDI
Page 183 and 184:
TABLE 11.1 : - WATER QUALITY OF RIV
Page 185 and 186:
TABLE 13.1 :- WATER QUALITY OF RIVE
Page 187 and 188:
2723RLY BDG, HINGANGHAT 0 0 4WENA A
Page 189 and 190:
MULA AT HARRISON BRIDGE NEAR2194MAH
Page 191 and 192:
DAMANGANGA AT DAMAN JETTY, MOTI DAM
Page 193 and 194:
2293 R KADALUNDI AT HAJIRAPPALLY KE
Page 195 and 196:
0 0 8 8GHAGGAR AT U/S DHAKANSU NALL
Page 197 and 198:
CHOUPATHY. 0 0 0 0 326. 29. 28.1928
Page 199 and 200:
25. 26. 26.1579 ALAPPUZHA KERALA5.6
Page 201 and 202:
BASKANDI POND INSIDE THE2225ASSAM 8
Page 203 and 204:
22.283 286 285 2.7 3.4 3.051 5 3224
Page 205 and 206:
WELL AT ELOOR, KERALAKERALA26.1924
Page 207 and 208:
AKOT, AKOLA22. 7.82002MAHARASHTRA 2
Page 209 and 210:
OPPOSITE PRIVATE BUS STAND,7.12030A
Page 211 and 212:
1658NEAR RIVER KUSHABHADRA, PURI,OR
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