Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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A convenient supply of clean towels is an incentive to dry the hands often and well. Use of envelope-packed films avoids these problems until the envelope is opened for processing. Thereafter, of course, the usual precautions must be observed. Another important precaution is to avoid drawing film rapidly from cartons, exposure holders, or cassettes. Such care will help materially to eliminate objectionable circular or treelike black markings in the radiograph, the results of static electric discharges. ■ The interleaving paper should be removed before the film is loaded between either lead or fluorescent screens. ■ When using exposure holders in direct exposure techniques, however, the paper should be left on the film for the added protection that it provides. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
At high voltage, direct exposure techniques, electrons emitted by the lead backing of the cassette or exposure holder may reach the film through the intervening paper or felt and record an image of this material on the film. This effect is avoided by the use of lead or fluorescent screens. In the radiography of light metals, direct-exposure techniques are the rule, and the paper folder should be left on interleaved film when loading it in the exposure holder. The ends of a length of roll film factory-packed in a paper sleeve should be sealed in the darkroom with black pressure-sensitive tape. The tape should extend beyond the edges of the strip 1/4 to 1/2 inch, to provide a positive light tight seal. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
Page 107 and 108: Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
Page 109 and 110: Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 111 and 112: Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 113 and 114: These data are from the exposure ch
Page 115 and 116: Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
Page 117 and 118: Penetrameters A standard test piece
Page 119 and 120: Figure 65: American Society for Tes
Page 121 and 122: ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
Page 123 and 124: Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
Page 125 and 126: IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
Page 127 and 128: The first symbol (2) indicates that
Page 129 and 130: ■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
Page 131 and 132: In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134: ■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136: ■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138: ■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140: Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
Page 143 and 144: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 145 and 146: Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148: Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150: Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154: Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156: ■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157: Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 161 and 162: Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 163 and 164: The storage period should not excee
Page 165 and 166: Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168: These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170: Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172: First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174: Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176: Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178: 1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180: Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184: General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185 and 186: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188: Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190: ■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
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■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
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When development is complete, the f
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Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
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During use, the fixer solution accu
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Figure 74: Water should flow over t
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Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
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Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
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Drying Convenient racks are availab
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Other characteristic marks are dark
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Figure 76: An automated processor h
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X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
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Automated Processor Systems Automat
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In most automated processors now in
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Water System The water system of au
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Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
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Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
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Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
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Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
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Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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