Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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Densitometers A densitometer is an instrument for measuring photographic densities. A number of different types, both visual and photoelectric, are available commercially. For purposes of practical industrial radiography, there is no great premium on high accuracy of a densitometer. A much more important property is reliability, that is, the densitometer should reproduce readings from day to day. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure chart is a graph showing the relation between material thickness, kilovoltage, and exposure. In its must common form, an exposure chart resembles Figure 44. These graphs are adequate for determining exposures in the radiography of uniform plates, but they serve only as rough guides for objects, such as complicated castings, having wide variations of thickness. Exposure charts are usually available from manufacturers of x-ray equipment. Because, in general, such charts cannot be used for different x-ray machines unless suitable correction factors are applied, individual laboratories sometimes prepare their own. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Page 1 and 2: Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 3 and 4: Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
Page 5 and 6: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 7 and 8: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 9 and 10: Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
Page 11 and 12: We can now solve for any unknown by
Page 13 and 14: ■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
Page 15 and 16: ■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
Page 17 and 18: Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
Page 19 and 20: ■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
Page 21 and 22: Departures may be apparent, however
Page 23 and 24: Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
Page 25 and 26: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
Page 27 and 28: The characteristic of the logarithm
Page 29 and 30: The preceding table illustrates a v
Page 31: Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
Page 35 and 36: Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
Page 37 and 38: Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
Page 39 and 40: Any given exposure chart applies to
Page 41 and 42: 3. The use of a different type of f
Page 43 and 44: 4. A change in processing condition
Page 45 and 46: Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
Page 47 and 48: Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
Page 49 and 50: Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
Page 51 and 52: The use of the logarithm of the rel
Page 53 and 54: As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
Page 55 and 56: ■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 57 and 58: Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
Page 59 and 60: Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
Page 61 and 62: Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
Page 63 and 64: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 67 and 68: ■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
Page 69 and 70: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 71 and 72: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 75 and 76: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 77 and 78: Only if the conditions used in prac
Page 79 and 80: Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
Page 81 and 82: 2. Source-film distance. Since the
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Page 91 and 92:
Previous experience is a guide, but
Page 93 and 94:
The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
Page 117 and 118:
Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
Page 121 and 122:
ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
Page 125 and 126:
IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
Page 127 and 128:
The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
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In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134:
■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
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■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
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■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
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Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
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Figure 69: Cross section showing th
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Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
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■ Envelope Packing with Integral
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Handling Of Film X-ray film should
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At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161 and 162:
Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
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The storage period should not excee
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Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
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These show the necessary emitter-fi
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Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172:
First, if several sources, say four
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Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176:
Commercial Keeping Since definite r
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1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180:
Manual Film Processing ■ https://
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Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184:
General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
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Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190:
■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
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Within certain limits, these change
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♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196:
Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 72: An example of streaking
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Agitation of the film during develo
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Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
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♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
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The exact quantity of replenisher c
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■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212:
When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214:
Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216:
During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
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Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
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Drying Convenient racks are availab
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Other characteristic marks are dark
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Figure 76: An automated processor h
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X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
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Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233 and 234:
In most automated processors now in
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Water System The water system of au
Page 237 and 238:
Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
Page 239 and 240:
Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
Page 243 and 244:
Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
Page 247 and 248:
Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 285 and 286:
■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
Page 287 and 288:
■ Film Dryers One of the importan
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 291 and 292:
General Considerations There are a
Page 293 and 294:
Wall Covering The walls of the proc
Page 295 and 296:
Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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