Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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Manual Processing When tank processing is used, the routine is, first, to mount the exposed film on a hanger immediately after it is taken from the cassette or film holder, or removed from the factory-sealed envelope. (See Figure 71) Then the film can be conveniently immersed in the developer solution, stop bath, fixer solution, and wash water for the predetermined intervals, and it is held securely and kept taut throughout the course of the procedure. At frequent intervals during processing, radiographic films must be agitated. Otherwise, the solution in contact with the emulsion becomes exhausted locally, affecting the rate and evenness of development or fixation. Another precaution must be observed: The level of the developer solution must be kept constant by adding replenisher. This addition is necessary to replace the solution carried out of the developer tank by the films and hangers, and to keep the activity of the developer constant. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Figure 71: Method of fastening film on a developing hanger. Bottom clips are fastened first, followed by top clips. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
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Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
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ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
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IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
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The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
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In practically all cases, the penet
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■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136: ■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138: ■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140: Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148: Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150: Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154: Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156: ■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157 and 158: Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 159 and 160: At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161 and 162: Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 163 and 164: The storage period should not excee
Page 165 and 166: Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168: These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170: Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172: First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174: Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176: Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178: 1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180: Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184: General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 189 and 190: ■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214: Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216: During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218: Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220: Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222: Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224: Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226: Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228: Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230: X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232: Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233 and 234: In most automated processors now in
Page 235 and 236: Water System The water system of au
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Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
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Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
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Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
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Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
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Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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