Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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If the volume of work is small, or if time is of relatively little importance, radiographs may be processed by hand. The most common method of manual processing of industrial radiographs is known as the tank method. In this system, the processing solutions and wash water are contained in tanks deep enough for the film to be hung vertically. Thus, the processing solutions have free access to both sides of the film, and both emulsion surfaces are uniformly processed to the same degree. The all-important factor of temperature can be controlled by regulating the temperature of the water in which the processing tanks are immersed. Where the volume of work is large or the holding time is important, automated processors are used. These reduce the darkroom manpower required, drastically shorten the interval between completion of the exposure and the availability of a dry radiograph ready for interpretation, and release the material being inspected much faster. Automated processors move films through the various solutions according to a predetermined schedule. Manual work is limited to putting the unprocessed film into the processor or into the film feeder, and removing the processed radiographs from the receiving bin. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
General Considerations ■ Cleanliness In handling x-ray films, cleanliness is a prime essential. The processing room, as well as the accessories and equipment, must be kept scrupulously 小心翼翼的 clean and used only for the purposes for which they are intended. Any solutions that are spilled should be wiped up at once; otherwise, on evaporation, the chemicals may get into the air and later settle on film surfaces, causing spots. The thermometer and such accessories as film hangers should be thoroughly washed in clean water immediately after being used, so that processing solutions will not dry on them and possibly cause contamination of solutions or streaked radiographs when used again. All tanks should be cleaned thoroughly before putting fresh solutions into them. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
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Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
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ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
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IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
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The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
Page 131 and 132: In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134: ■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136: ■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138: ■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140: Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148: Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150: Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154: Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156: ■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157 and 158: Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 159 and 160: At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161 and 162: Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 163 and 164: The storage period should not excee
Page 165 and 166: Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168: These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170: Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172: First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174: Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176: Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178: 1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180: Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181: Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 185 and 186: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188: Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190: ■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214: Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216: During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218: Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220: Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222: Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224: Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226: Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228: Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230: X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232: Automated Processor Systems Automat
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In most automated processors now in
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Water System The water system of au
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Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
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Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
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Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
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Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
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Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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