Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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Storage Of Unprocessed Film With x-rays generated up to 200 LV (?) , it is feasible to use storage compartments lined with a sufficient thickness of lead to protect the film. At higher kilovoltages, protection becomes increasingly difficult; hence, film should be protected not only by the radiation barrier for protection of personnel but also by increased distance from the source. At 100 kV, a 1/8 inche thickness of lead should normally be adequate to protect film stored in a room adjacent to the x-ray room if the film is not in the line of the direct beam. At 200 kV, the lead thickness should be increased to 1/4 inch. With million volt x-rays, films should be stored beyond the concrete or other protective wall at a distance at least five times farther from the x-ray tube than the area occupied by personnel. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
The storage period should not exceed the times recommended by the manufacturer. Medical x-ray films should be stored at approximately 12 times the distance of the personnel from the million-volt x- ray tube, for a total storage period not exceeding two weeks. In this connection, it should be noted that the shielding requirements for films given in National Bureau of Standards Handbook 76 "Medical X-Ray Protection Up to Three Million Volts" and National Bureau of Standards Handbook 93 "Safety Standard for Non- Medical X-Ray and Sealed Gamma-Ray Sources, Part 1 General" are not adequate to protect the faster types of x-ray films in storage. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 111 and 112: Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 113 and 114: These data are from the exposure ch
Page 115 and 116: Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
Page 117 and 118: Penetrameters A standard test piece
Page 119 and 120: Figure 65: American Society for Tes
Page 121 and 122: ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
Page 123 and 124: Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
Page 125 and 126: IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
Page 127 and 128: The first symbol (2) indicates that
Page 129 and 130: ■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
Page 131 and 132: In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134: ■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136: ■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138: ■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140: Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
Page 143 and 144: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 145 and 146: Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148: Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150: Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152: Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154: Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156: ■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157 and 158: Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 159 and 160: At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161: Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 165 and 166: Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168: These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170: Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172: First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174: Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176: Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178: 1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180: Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181 and 182: Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184: General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185 and 186: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188: Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190: ■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
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Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
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During use, the fixer solution accu
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Figure 74: Water should flow over t
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Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
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Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
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Drying Convenient racks are availab
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Other characteristic marks are dark
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Figure 76: An automated processor h
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X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
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Automated Processor Systems Automat
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In most automated processors now in
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Water System The water system of au
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Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
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Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
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Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
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Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
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Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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