Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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Although the primary function of the transport system is to move the film through the processor in a precisely controlled time, the system performs two other functions of importance to the rapid production of high-quality radiographs. First, the rollers produce vigorous uniform agitation of the solutions at the surfaces of the film, contributing significantly to the uniformity of processing. Second, the top wet rollers in the racks and the rollers in the crossover assemblies effectively remove the solutions from the surfaces of the film, reducing the amount of solution carried over from one tank to the next and thus prolonging the life of the fixer and increasing the efficiency of washing. Most of the wash water clinging to the surface of the film is removed by the squeegee rollers, making it possible to dry the processed film uniformly and rapidly, without blemishes. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Water System The water system of automated processors has two functions - to wash the films and to help stabilize the temperature of the processing solutions. Hot and cold water are blended to the proper temperature and the tempered water then passes through a flow regulator which provides a constant rate of flow. Depending upon the processor, part or all of the water is used to help control the temperature of the developer. In some processors, the water also helps to regulate the temperature of the fixer. The water then passes to the wash tank where it flows through and over the wash rack. It then flows over a weir (dam) at the top of the tank and into the drain. Sometimes the temperature of the cold water supply may be higher than required by the processor. In this situation, it is necessary to cool the water before piping it to the processor. This is the basic pattern of the water system of automated processors; the details of the system may vary slightly, however. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
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Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
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ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
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IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
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The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
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In practically all cases, the penet
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■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
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■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
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■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
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Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
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Figure 69: Cross section showing th
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Selection Of Films For Industrial R
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Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
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■ Envelope Packing with Integral
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Handling Of Film X-ray film should
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At high voltage, direct exposure te
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Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
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The storage period should not excee
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Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
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These show the necessary emitter-fi
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Assume that a radiographic source i
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First, if several sources, say four
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Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
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Commercial Keeping Since definite r
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1 A term commonly used to describe
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Manual Film Processing ■ https://
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Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184: General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185 and 186: Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188: Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190: ■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214: Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216: During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218: Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220: Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222: Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224: Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226: Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228: Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230: X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232: Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233: In most automated processors now in
Page 237 and 238: Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
Page 239 and 240: Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
Page 241 and 242: Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
Page 243 and 244: Chemistry of Automated Processing A
Page 245 and 246: This control is accomplished by har
Page 247 and 248: Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
Page 249 and 250: Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
Page 251 and 252: Filing Radiographs After the radiog
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
Page 255 and 256: Equipment & Materials Most of the e
Page 257 and 258: Refrigerator After exposure, contro
Page 259 and 260: General Aspects The information tha
Page 261 and 262: ■ Identify each strip. Place half
Page 263 and 264: Process Control Charts Two steps on
Page 265 and 266: Control limits for variables of the
Page 267 and 268: Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
Page 269 and 270: Process Control Technique Certain m
Page 271 and 272: When the processed control strips i
Page 273 and 274: ■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
Page 275 and 276: Discussion Densitometric data and p
Page 277 and 278: Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
Page 279 and 280: Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 281 and 282: Processing Area The volume of films
Page 283 and 284: Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
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Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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