Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Small Space Requirements Automated processors require only about 10 square feet of floor space. The size of the processing room can be reduced because hand tanks and drying facilities are not needed. A film loading and unloading bench, film storage facilities, plus a small open area in front of the processor feed tray are all the space required. The processor, in effect, releases valuable floor space for other plant activities. If the work load increases to a point where more processors are needed, they can be added with minimal additional space requirements. Many plants with widely separated exposure areas have found that dispersed processing facilities using two or more processors greatly increase the efficiency of operations. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Chemistry of Automated Processing Automated processing is not just a mechanization of hand processing, but a system depending on the interrelation of mechanics, chemicals, and film. A special chemical system is therefore required to meet the particular need of automated processing. • When, in manual processing, a sheet of x-ray film is immersed in developer solution, the exposed silver halide grains are converted to metallic silver, but, at the same time, the emulsion layer swells and softens. • The fixer solution removes the underdeveloped silver halide grains and shrinks and hardens the emulsion layer. • Washing removes the last traces of processing chemicals and swells the film slightly. • Drying further hardens and shrinks the emulsion. Therefore, the emulsion changes in thickness and in hardness as the film is moved from one step to the next in processing. In manual processing, these variations are of no importance because the films are supported independently and do not come in contact with other films or any other surfaces. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Page 1 and 2:
Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 3 and 4:
Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
Page 5 and 6:
X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 7 and 8:
X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 9 and 10:
Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
Page 11 and 12:
We can now solve for any unknown by
Page 13 and 14:
■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
Page 15 and 16:
■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
Page 17 and 18:
Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
Page 19 and 20:
■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
Page 21 and 22:
Departures may be apparent, however
Page 23 and 24:
Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
Page 25 and 26:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
Page 27 and 28:
The characteristic of the logarithm
Page 29 and 30:
The preceding table illustrates a v
Page 31 and 32:
Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
Page 33 and 34:
X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
Page 35 and 36:
Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
Page 37 and 38:
Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
Page 39 and 40:
Any given exposure chart applies to
Page 41 and 42:
3. The use of a different type of f
Page 43 and 44:
4. A change in processing condition
Page 45 and 46:
Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
Page 49 and 50:
Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
Page 51 and 52:
The use of the logarithm of the rel
Page 53 and 54:
As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
Page 55 and 56:
■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
Page 59 and 60:
Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
Page 61 and 62:
Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
Page 69 and 70:
■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 71 and 72:
Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 77 and 78:
Only if the conditions used in prac
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
Page 81 and 82:
2. Source-film distance. Since the
Page 83 and 84:
Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
Page 89 and 90:
Page 91 and 92:
Previous experience is a guide, but
Page 93 and 94:
The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
Page 95 and 96:
Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
Page 99 and 100:
Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
Page 101 and 102:
Although the lines of an exposure c
Page 103 and 104:
Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
Page 105 and 106:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 113 and 114:
These data are from the exposure ch
Page 115 and 116:
Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
Page 117 and 118:
Penetrameters A standard test piece
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 65: American Society for Tes
Page 121 and 122:
ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
Page 123 and 124:
Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
Page 125 and 126:
IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
Page 127 and 128:
The first symbol (2) indicates that
Page 129 and 130:
■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
Page 131 and 132:
In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134:
■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136:
■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138:
■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140:
Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
Page 143 and 144:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150:
Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154:
Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156:
■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157 and 158:
Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 159 and 160:
At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161 and 162:
Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 163 and 164:
The storage period should not excee
Page 165 and 166:
Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168:
These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170:
Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172:
First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174:
Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176:
Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178:
1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180:
Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184:
General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185 and 186:
Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190:
■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192: Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194: ♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214: Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216: During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218: Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220: Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222: Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224: Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226: Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228: Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230: X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232: Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233 and 234: In most automated processors now in
Page 235 and 236: Water System The water system of au
Page 237 and 238: Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
Page 239 and 240: Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
Page 241: Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
Page 245 and 246: This control is accomplished by har
Page 247 and 248: Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
Page 249 and 250: Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
Page 251 and 252: Filing Radiographs After the radiog
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
Page 255 and 256: Equipment & Materials Most of the e
Page 257 and 258: Refrigerator After exposure, contro
Page 259 and 260: General Aspects The information tha
Page 261 and 262: ■ Identify each strip. Place half
Page 263 and 264: Process Control Charts Two steps on
Page 265 and 266: Control limits for variables of the
Page 267 and 268: Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
Page 269 and 270: Process Control Technique Certain m
Page 271 and 272: When the processed control strips i
Page 273 and 274: ■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
Page 275 and 276: Discussion Densitometric data and p
Page 277 and 278: Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
Page 279 and 280: Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 281 and 282: Processing Area The volume of films
Page 283 and 284: Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 285 and 286: ■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
Page 287 and 288: ■ Film Dryers One of the importan
Page 289 and 290: Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 291 and 292: General Considerations There are a
Page 293 and 294:
Wall Covering The walls of the proc
Page 295 and 296:
Illumination The processing area mu
show all

Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?