Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

More documents

Recommendations

Info

1. Log E at D = 2.0 is 1.62 2. Log E at D = 0.8 is 1.00 3. Difference in log E is 0.62 Antilogarithm of this difference is 4.2 Therefore, the original exposure is multiplied by 4.2 (12 x 4.2) giving 50 mA-min to produce a density of 2.0. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Figure 48: Circled numerals in the figure correspond to the items in Example 1. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Page 1 and 2:
Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 3 and 4:
Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
Page 5 and 6: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 7 and 8: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 9 and 10: Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
Page 11 and 12: We can now solve for any unknown by
Page 13 and 14: ■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
Page 15 and 16: ■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
Page 17 and 18: Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
Page 19 and 20: ■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
Page 21 and 22: Departures may be apparent, however
Page 23 and 24: Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
Page 25 and 26: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
Page 27 and 28: The characteristic of the logarithm
Page 29 and 30: The preceding table illustrates a v
Page 31 and 32: Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
Page 33 and 34: X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
Page 35 and 36: Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
Page 37 and 38: Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
Page 39 and 40: Any given exposure chart applies to
Page 41 and 42: 3. The use of a different type of f
Page 43 and 44: 4. A change in processing condition
Page 45 and 46: Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
Page 47 and 48: Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
Page 49 and 50: Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
Page 51 and 52: The use of the logarithm of the rel
Page 53 and 54: As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
Page 55: ■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 59 and 60: Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
Page 61 and 62: Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
Page 63 and 64: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 65 and 66: ■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 67 and 68: ■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
Page 69 and 70: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 71 and 72: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 73 and 74: ■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 75 and 76: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 77 and 78: Only if the conditions used in prac
Page 79 and 80: Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
Page 81 and 82: 2. Source-film distance. Since the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
Page 87 and 88: 5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
Page 91 and 92: Previous experience is a guide, but
Page 93 and 94: The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
Page 95 and 96: Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
Page 97 and 98: Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
Page 99 and 100: Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
Page 101 and 102: Although the lines of an exposure c
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
Page 105 and 106: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
Page 109 and 110:
Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 64: With the same specimen,
Page 113 and 114:
These data are from the exposure ch
Page 115 and 116:
Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
Page 117 and 118:
Penetrameters A standard test piece
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 65: American Society for Tes
Page 121 and 122:
ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
Page 123 and 124:
Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
Page 125 and 126:
IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
Page 127 and 128:
The first symbol (2) indicates that
Page 129 and 130:
■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
Page 131 and 132:
In practically all cases, the penet
Page 133 and 134:
■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
Page 135 and 136:
■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
Page 137 and 138:
■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
Page 139 and 140:
Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
Page 141 and 142:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
Page 143 and 144:
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
Page 147 and 148:
Figure 69: Cross section showing th
Page 149 and 150:
Selection Of Films For Industrial R
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 70 indicates the direction t
Page 153 and 154:
Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
Page 155 and 156:
■ Envelope Packing with Integral
Page 157 and 158:
Handling Of Film X-ray film should
Page 159 and 160:
At high voltage, direct exposure te
Page 161 and 162:
Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
Page 163 and 164:
The storage period should not excee
Page 165 and 166:
Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
Page 167 and 168:
These show the necessary emitter-fi
Page 169 and 170:
Assume that a radiographic source i
Page 171 and 172:
First, if several sources, say four
Page 173 and 174:
Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
Page 175 and 176:
Commercial Keeping Since definite r
Page 177 and 178:
1 A term commonly used to describe
Page 179 and 180:
Manual Film Processing ■ https://
Page 181 and 182:
Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
Page 183 and 184:
General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
Page 185 and 186:
Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 71: Method of fastening film
Page 189 and 190:
■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
Page 191 and 192:
Within certain limits, these change
Page 193 and 194:
♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196:
Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200:
Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202:
Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204:
Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206:
♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208:
The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210:
■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212:
When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214:
Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216:
During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222:
Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224:
Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226:
Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228:
Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230:
X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232:
Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233 and 234:
In most automated processors now in
Page 235 and 236:
Water System The water system of au
Page 237 and 238:
Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
Page 239 and 240:
Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
Page 241 and 242:
Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
Page 243 and 244:
Chemistry of Automated Processing A
Page 245 and 246:
This control is accomplished by har
Page 247 and 248:
Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
Page 249 and 250:
Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
Page 251 and 252:
Filing Radiographs After the radiog
Page 253 and 254:
Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
Page 255 and 256:
Equipment & Materials Most of the e
Page 257 and 258:
Refrigerator After exposure, contro
Page 259 and 260:
General Aspects The information tha
Page 261 and 262:
■ Identify each strip. Place half
Page 263 and 264:
Process Control Charts Two steps on
Page 265 and 266:
Control limits for variables of the
Page 267 and 268:
Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
Page 269 and 270:
Process Control Technique Certain m
Page 271 and 272:
When the processed control strips i
Page 273 and 274:
■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
Page 275 and 276:
Discussion Densitometric data and p
Page 277 and 278:
Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
Page 279 and 280:
Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 281 and 282:
Processing Area The volume of films
Page 283 and 284:
Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 285 and 286:
■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
Page 287 and 288:
■ Film Dryers One of the importan
Page 289 and 290:
Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 291 and 292:
General Considerations There are a
Page 293 and 294:
Wall Covering The walls of the proc
Page 295 and 296:
Illumination The processing area mu
show all

Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?