Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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This illustrates another useful property of the logarithmic scale. Figure 43 shows that the antilogarithm of 0.70 is 5, which is the ratio of each pair of exposures. Hence, to find the ratio of any pair of exposures, it is necessary only to find the antilog of the log E (logarithm of relative exposure) interval between them. Conversely, the log exposure interval between any two exposures is determined by finding the logarithm of their ratio. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or steepness) of the characteristic curves is continuously changing throughout the length of the curves. The effects of this change of slope on detail visibility are more completely explained in "The Characteristic Curve". It will suffice at this point to give a qualitative outline of these effects. For example, two slightly different thicknesses in the object radiographed transmit slightly different exposures to the film. These two exposures have a certain small log E interval between them, that is, have a certain ratio. The difference in the densities corresponding to the two exposures depends on just where on the characteristic curve they fall, and the steeper the slope of the curve, the greater is this density difference. For example, the curve of Film Z (See Figure 47), is steepest in its middle portion. This means that a certain log E interval in the middle of the curve corresponds to a greater density difference than the same log E interval at either end of the curve. In other words, the film contrast is greatest where the slope of the characteristic curve is greatest. For Film Z, as has been pointed out, the region of greatest slope is in the central part of the curve. For Films X and Y, however, the slope-- and hence the film contrast continuously increases throughout the useful density range. The curves of most industrial x-ray films are similar to those of Films X and Y. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Page 1 and 2: Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 3 and 4: Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
Page 5 and 6: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 7 and 8: X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
Page 9 and 10: Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
Page 11 and 12: We can now solve for any unknown by
Page 13 and 14: ■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
Page 15 and 16: ■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
Page 17 and 18: Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
Page 19 and 20: ■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
Page 21 and 22: Departures may be apparent, however
Page 23 and 24: Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
Page 25 and 26: Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
Page 27 and 28: The characteristic of the logarithm
Page 29 and 30: The preceding table illustrates a v
Page 31 and 32: Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
Page 33 and 34: X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
Page 35 and 36: Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
Page 37 and 38: Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
Page 39 and 40: Any given exposure chart applies to
Page 41 and 42: 3. The use of a different type of f
Page 43 and 44: 4. A change in processing condition
Page 45 and 46: Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
Page 47 and 48: Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
Page 49 and 50: Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
Page 51: The use of the logarithm of the rel
Page 55 and 56: ■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
Page 57 and 58: Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
Page 59 and 60: Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
Page 61 and 62: Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
Page 63 and 64: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 67 and 68: ■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
Page 69 and 70: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 71 and 72: Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
Page 75 and 76: ■ Example 3: The types of problem
Page 77 and 78: Only if the conditions used in prac
Page 79 and 80: Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
Page 81 and 82: 2. Source-film distance. Since the
Page 83 and 84: Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
Page 87 and 88: 5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
Page 91 and 92: Previous experience is a guide, but
Page 93 and 94: The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
Page 95 and 96: Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
Page 97 and 98: Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
Page 99 and 100: Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
Page 101 and 102: Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
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Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
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ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
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IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
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The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
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In practically all cases, the penet
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■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
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■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
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■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
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Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
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Figure 69: Cross section showing th
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Selection Of Films For Industrial R
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Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
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■ Envelope Packing with Integral
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Handling Of Film X-ray film should
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At high voltage, direct exposure te
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Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
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The storage period should not excee
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Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
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These show the necessary emitter-fi
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Assume that a radiographic source i
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First, if several sources, say four
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Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
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Commercial Keeping Since definite r
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1 A term commonly used to describe
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Manual Film Processing ■ https://
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Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
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General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
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Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
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Figure 71: Method of fastening film
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■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
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Within certain limits, these change
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♦ Control of Temperature and Time
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Film Processing Parameters Develope
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Figure 72: An example of streaking
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Agitation of the film during develo
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Immediately after the hangers are l
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Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
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♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
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The exact quantity of replenisher c
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■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
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When development is complete, the f
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Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
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During use, the fixer solution accu
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Figure 74: Water should flow over t
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Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
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Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
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Drying Convenient racks are availab
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Other characteristic marks are dark
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Figure 76: An automated processor h
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X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
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Automated Processor Systems Automat
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In most automated processors now in
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Water System The water system of au
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Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
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Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
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Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
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Chemistry of Automated Processing A
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This control is accomplished by har
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Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film
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Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
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Filing Radiographs After the radiog
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Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
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Equipment & Materials Most of the e
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Refrigerator After exposure, contro
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General Aspects The information tha
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■ Identify each strip. Place half
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Process Control Charts Two steps on
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Control limits for variables of the
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Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
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Process Control Technique Certain m
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When the processed control strips i
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■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
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Discussion Densitometric data and p
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Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Processing Area The volume of films
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Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
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■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
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■ Film Dryers One of the importan
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Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
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General Considerations There are a
Page 293 and 294:
Wall Covering The walls of the proc
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Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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