Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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Because washing, drying, and keeping properties of the radiograph are closely tied to the effectiveness of the fixation process, special fixers are needed for automatic processing. Not only must they act rapidly, but they must maintain the film at the proper degree of hardness for reliable transport. Beyond this, the fixer must be readily removed from the emulsion so that proper washing of the radiograph requires only a short time. A hardening agent added to the fixer solution works with the fixing chemicals to condition the film for washing and for rapid drying without physical damage to the emulsion. Experience has shown that the solutions in this chemical system have a long life. In general, it is recommended that the processor tanks be emptied and cleaned after 50,000 films of mixed sizes have been processed or at the end of 3 months, whichever is sooner. This may vary somewhat depending on local use and conditions; but, in general, this schedule will give very satisfactory results. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
Film-Feeding Procedures Sheet Film Figure 78 shows the proper film-feeding procedures. The arrows indicate the direction in which films are fed into the processor. Wherever possible, it is advisable to feed all narrower films side by side so as to avoid overreplenishment of the solutions. This will aid in balanced replenishment and will result in maximum economy of the solutions used. Care should be taken that films are fed into the processor square with the edge of a side guide of the feed tray, and that multiple films are started at the same time. In no event should films less than 7 inches long be fed into the processor. Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiography in Modern Industry. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co. 1980
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Reading time for Radiography in Mod
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Kypoints: Kilovoltage changes/ Sour
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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X-Ray Exposure Chart Charlie Chong/
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Radiation Dosage Calculator Charlie
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We can now solve for any unknown by
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■ Example: Suppose that with a gi
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■ Tabular Solution of Milliampera
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Table V: Milliamperage-Time and Dis
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■ Milliamperage-Time Relation Rul
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Departures may be apparent, however
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Table VI: Approximate Corrections f
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang Radiograp
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The characteristic of the logarithm
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The preceding table illustrates a v
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Transmittance T = I t /I o Opacity
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X-Ray Exposure Charts An exposure c
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Preparing An Exposure Chart A simpl
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Exposure Chart thickness is on a li
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Any given exposure chart applies to
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3. The use of a different type of f
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4. A change in processing condition
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Figure 45: Typical exposure chart f
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Figure 46: Typical gamma-ray exposu
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Figure 47: Characteristic curves of
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The use of the logarithm of the rel
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As Figure 47 shows, the slope (or s
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■ Example 1: Suppose a radiograph
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Figure 48: Circled numerals in the
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Figure 49: Characteristic curves of
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Graphical Solutions To Sensitometri
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 2: Film X has a higher
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Figure 54: Typical nomogram for sol
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■ Example 3: The types of problem
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Only if the conditions used in prac
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Figure 55: Pattern of transparent o
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2. Source-film distance. Since the
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Figure 57: Overlay positioned so as
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5. Film density. Exposure charts ap
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Previous experience is a guide, but
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The antilog of 0.63 is 4.3, which m
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Figure 61: Abridged form of the exp
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Figure 62: System of lines drawn on
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Use Of Multiple Films If the chart
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Although the lines of an exposure c
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Chapter 8: Radiographic Image Quali
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang https://w
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Figure 63: Advantage of higher radi
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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Figure 64: With the same specimen,
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These data are from the exposure ch
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Film Graininess, Screen Mottle (See
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Penetrameters A standard test piece
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Figure 65: American Society for Tes
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ASTM penetrameter (ASTM E 1026). Ch
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Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Chong/
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IQI Penetrameter (IQI). Charlie Cho
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The first symbol (2) indicates that
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■ Equivalent Penetrameter Sensiti
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In practically all cases, the penet
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■ Wire Penetrameters A number of
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■ Comparison of Penetrameter Desi
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■ Penetrameters and Visibility of
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Viewing & Interpreting Radiographs
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://ww
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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang
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Figure 67: The silver bromide grain
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Figure 69: Cross section showing th
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Selection Of Films For Industrial R
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Figure 70 indicates the direction t
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Film Packaging Industrial x-ray fil
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■ Envelope Packing with Integral
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Handling Of Film X-ray film should
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At high voltage, direct exposure te
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Shipping Of Unprocessed Films If un
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The storage period should not excee
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Table VII: Cobalt 60 Storage Condit
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These show the necessary emitter-fi
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Assume that a radiographic source i
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First, if several sources, say four
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Storage Of Exposed And Processed Fi
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Commercial Keeping Since definite r
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1 A term commonly used to describe
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Manual Film Processing ■ https://
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Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Process
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General Considerations ■ Cleanlin
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Paddles or plunger-type agitators a
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Figure 71: Method of fastening film
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■ Cleanliness Processing tanks sh
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Within certain limits, these change
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♦ Control of Temperature and Time
Page 195 and 196: Film Processing Parameters Develope
Page 197 and 198: Figure 72: An example of streaking
Page 199 and 200: Agitation of the film during develo
Page 201 and 202: Immediately after the hangers are l
Page 203 and 204: Figure 73: Distribution manifold fo
Page 205 and 206: ♦ Activity of Developer Solutions
Page 207 and 208: The exact quantity of replenisher c
Page 209 and 210: ■ Stop Bath A stop bath consistin
Page 211 and 212: When development is complete, the f
Page 213 and 214: Fixing The purpose of fixing is to
Page 215 and 216: During use, the fixer solution accu
Page 217 and 218: Figure 74: Water should flow over t
Page 219 and 220: Figure 75: Schematic diagram of a c
Page 221 and 222: Formation of a cloud of minute bubb
Page 223 and 224: Drying Convenient racks are availab
Page 225 and 226: Other characteristic marks are dark
Page 227 and 228: Figure 76: An automated processor h
Page 229 and 230: X-Ray Automatic Processing Charlie
Page 231 and 232: Automated Processor Systems Automat
Page 233 and 234: In most automated processors now in
Page 235 and 236: Water System The water system of au
Page 237 and 238: Replenishment Systems Accurate repl
Page 239 and 240: Dryer System Rapid drying of the pr
Page 241 and 242: Uniformity of Radiographs Automated
Page 243 and 244: Chemistry of Automated Processing A
Page 245: This control is accomplished by har
Page 249 and 250: Roll Film Roll films in widths of 1
Page 251 and 252: Filing Radiographs After the radiog
Page 253 and 254: Chapter 11: Process Control Users o
Page 255 and 256: Equipment & Materials Most of the e
Page 257 and 258: Refrigerator After exposure, contro
Page 259 and 260: General Aspects The information tha
Page 261 and 262: ■ Identify each strip. Place half
Page 263 and 264: Process Control Charts Two steps on
Page 265 and 266: Control limits for variables of the
Page 267 and 268: Figure 79: Densitometric data for p
Page 269 and 270: Process Control Technique Certain m
Page 271 and 272: When the processed control strips i
Page 273 and 274: ■ Processing of Control Strips Pr
Page 275 and 276: Discussion Densitometric data and p
Page 277 and 278: Figure 81: Control chart for one ex
Page 279 and 280: Reading time for Radiography in Mod
Page 281 and 282: Processing Area The volume of films
Page 283 and 284: Figure 82: Plan of a manual x-ray p
Page 285 and 286: ■ Loading Bench Basically, operat
Page 287 and 288: ■ Film Dryers One of the importan
Page 289 and 290: Figure 83: A schematic diagram of a
Page 291 and 292: General Considerations There are a
Page 293 and 294: Wall Covering The walls of the proc
Page 295 and 296: Illumination The processing area mu
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Understanding Neutron Radiography Reading V-Kodak Part 2 of 3

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