A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

14 Endosulfan
� Endosulfan is an insecticide and acaricide.
Two isomers in commercial product, endosulfan
alfa and endosulfan beta mixed 70 / 30.
� Endosulfan was banned in Norway from
1996.
� Endosulfan has been identified as pollutant in
air, water, biota and soil. It is persistent in
marine organisms.
� Endosulfan is being phased out, no further
screening or monitoring is considered necessary.
Production and use
Endosulfan was formerly used in garden centres
and greenhouses, on strawberries, blackcurrant
and fruit trees, mainly under the name Thiodan.
In Norway it was banned from 1997 due to its
toxic effects. In Sweden it was banned in 1995.
From 2005 endosulfan is banned throughout
EU. 50 000 tons of cyclodiene organochlorines
were imported from 1974 -1978 (probably less
than 10 % is endosulfan). Between 1979 and
1996, 24 500 kg endosulfan was sold.
Endosulfan is no longer in use, but it was found
on plants from garden centres in 2002. There
are similar reports from Sweden, where endosulfan
also has been illegally imported from
Finland and used on farm lands.
Emissions, discharges,
distribution and hot-spots
Pollution is mainly caused by run-off from agricultural
land. No hotspots are found.
Monitoring
Endosulfan was screened in 1997 as part of
"Statlig program for forurensningsovervåking",
without being detected.
Fresh water biota
In 1997, endosulfan was detected in low concentrations
in all samples of biota from
Northern and Arctic Norway. This is due to
atmospheric long range transport.
Need for further screening and monitoring
There are only low levels of endosulfan in
Norwegian environment, and the use is decreasing.
There is no need for further screening or
monitoring of endosulfan.
FACTS
Cas no.: 115-29-7
Synonyms: 6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin,
Thiodan, Endocide, Beosit, Cyclodan, Malix, Thimul
and Thifor and many more.
Properties: Brown crystals, slight sulphur dioxide
odour.
endosulfan ::::::::::..
Toxic effects: Highly toxic, oral LD50 values ranging
from 18 to 160 mg/kg in rats. Mutagenic at high
exposure. Highly toxic for some aquatic species, particularly
fish. (EXTOXNET) Reproductive effects have
been observed in marine mammals.
Log Kow: 3,5
Persistence: Half-life in soil is 50 to 150 days depending
on isomer. 28 to 300 days in water, depending on
isomer. (Naturvårdsverket, EXTOXNET)
DT50 water = 15 days,
DT50 whole system = 18-21 days (CIRCA).
Persistent in marine organisms.
Water solubility: 0,32-0,52 mg/l
Molecular formula: C 9 -H 6 -Cl 6 -O 3 -S
Metabolites: Endosulfan sulfate, endosulfanactone,
endosulfan hydroxyether
Use: Endosulfan is used throughout the world to control
pests and fungi on fruit, vegetables, tea, grains
and on non-food crops such as tobacco and cotton.
Analysis
The analysis of endosulfan is often part of multi
pesticide packages offered by several laboratories.
Methods
The methods are based on direct extraction with
an organic solvent (sediment and biota) or solid
phase extraction (SPE), chromatographic cleanup
and separation and quantification with GCbased
methods: GC/MS or GC/ECD.
Synergy with other analyses
Sample extraction and clean-up can be co-ordinated
with the analysis of other pesticides which
can be analysed by GC/MS especially other
organochloro insecticides as for example HCH,
DDT, or chlordanes.
A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive
TA-2140/2005
37:::..