A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

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..:::::::::: tributyltin compounds ..:::72 30 Tributyltin compounds � Tributyltin compounds (TBT) are mainly used for anti fouling on ships. � TBTs cause imposex in snails. � In Norway triphenyltin (TPhT) is monitored alongside with TBT. � Levels in the environment do not decrease substantially, and TBT monitoring should continue. Production and use TBTs have not been produced in Norway, but they have to a large extent been used for anti fouling and wood preservation. There has been minor use in paint, disinfectants and detergents. The use of TBT and triphenyltin compounds (TPhT) is regulated. New use has been banned since 1990 on smaller boats and new use (import, export, production sales etc) is banned from 2003. All TBT anti fouling on ships is banned from 2008. Emissions, discharges, distribution and hot-spots Norwegian emissions of TBT have dropped from 58 tons in 1985 via 29 tons in 1995 to about 7 tons in 2003. Discharges to water were estimated to be 25 tons in 1995 dropping to 15 tons in 2002, most discharges are considered to be to water as discharges are mainly from marinas and shipyards, but TBT may also leak from other products, or be released from plastics or wood. TBT wood preservatives are not included in the emission estimates, but the tonnage is not large. Removal of old anti fouling in marinas may cause new discharges. Monitoring Monitoring of TBT has been part JAMP and time trends exist here. TBT has also been investigated in several other studies (see references). Marine sediment Levels of TBT in marine sediments are very high in many fjords, harbours and shipyards. Marine biota Shellfish in harbours are highly contaminated all along the coast. Imposex is shown in half the A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 FACTS Cas no.: 56-35-9 Synonyms: TBT, Tributyltin oxide (TBTO), tributyltin fluoride (TBTF), biomet, butinox, C-Sn-9. Properties: Toxic effects: TBT is toxic to humans and very toxic to marine organisms. TBT also causes imposex in snails. Log Kow: 3,19 - 3,84 Persistence: Half life in water (hydrolysis / volatilisation) for TBT is 11 months. By photodegradation, half life is more than 3 months. In water and sediment half life is 4 - 5 months (aerobic biodegradation) or 1 - 3 months (anaerobic biodegradation) (CIRCA). In sediment, degradation may take years (HSDB). TBT compounds accumulate in organisms. BCF in Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) is 10500. Water solubility: 0,1% Molecular formula: C 24 -H 54- Sn 2 Metabolites: Hydroxy-tributyltin. investigated female snail population. Costal areas in Finnmark have lower levels than average. Fresh water biota Levels in burbot (Lota lota) liver in six lakes have been screened; concentrations are not very high compared to concentration in marine biota. Hotspots Marinas and shipyards are typical hotspots for TBT. Need for further screening and monitoring There is no need for further screening of TBT in Norway, but the use has been extensive and levels in the Norwegian marine environment are stable high and stable. Continued monitoring of TBT is therefore necessary. Analysis Analysis of tributyltin is well developed and often part of packages with other organotin compounds.
Methods The methods are based on extraction, derivatisation, clean-up and chromatographic separation. For separation and quantification both GC- and LC-methods are used: GC/MS, GC/AED and HPLC/ICP-MS. Synergy with other analyses Sample extraction, clean-up and quantification can be performed together with other organotin compounds. References � CIRCA, Royal Haskoning: Fact sheets on production, use and release of priority substances in the WFD, TBT, Final version 31 January 2001. � Miljøgifter i fisk, skalldyr og sediment i havneområder og fjorder i Rogaland 1999-2000. TA-1843/2001. � Miljøgifter i havneområder i Nordland (TA- 1967/2003). � Miljøgifter i marine sediment og organismer i havneområdene ved Harstad, Tromsø, Hammerfest og Honningsvåg 1997-98, TA- 1697/2000. � Miljøgifter og radioaktivitet i norsk fauna - inkludert Arktis og Antarktis, utredning for DN nr. 1999-5. tributyltin compounds ::::::::::.. � Miljøgiftundersøkelse i havner i Telemark, Vestfold, Akershus og Østfold 1999. TA-1885- 2002. � Miljøovervåkning i Sandefjordsfjorden og indre Mefjorden, 1997-1998. Delrapport 2. Miljøgifter i sedimenter. TA-1585/1998. � Miljøstatus, TBT og TFT . � Miljøundersøkelse ved skipsverft i Eidkjosen og Grovfjord, Troms fylke. Akvaplan-niva APN- 411.02.2539. � National Comments regarding the Norwegian data for 2003. Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme (JAMP), rapport 921/2004. � PCB, tungmetaller i TBT i sedimenter og organismer. Rapport 799/00, TA-1728/2000. � SFT Miljøgifter i produkter Data for 2002. � SFT: Tributyl-, trifenyltinnforbindelser. � Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og utvalgte kystområder. Fase 1. Miljøgifter i sedimenter på strekningen Narvik-Kragerø. TA- 1159/1994. � Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og utvalgte kystområder. Fase 2. Miljøgifter i sedimenter på strekningen Stavern-Hvitsten. TA- 1160/1994. � Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og utvalgte kystområder. Fase 3. Miljøgifter i sedimenter på strekningen Ramsund-Kirkenes. TA- 1215/1995. A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 73:::..
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TA-2140/2005 A study of the priorit
Page 4 and 5:
..:::4 This report has been produce
Page 6 and 7:
..:::::::::: introduction ..:::6 IN
Page 8 and 9:
..:::::::::: methods ..:::8 METHODS
Page 10 and 11:
..:::::::::: priority substances in
Page 12 and 13:
..:::::::::: alachlor ..:::12 1 Ala
Page 14 and 15:
..:::::::::: anthracene ..:::14 2 A
Page 16 and 17:
..:::::::::: atrazine ..:::16 Syner
Page 18 and 19:
..:::::::::: benzene ..:::18 Synerg
Page 20 and 21:
..:::::::::: pentabromodiphenylethe
Page 22 and 23: ..:::::::::: cadmium and its compou
Page 24 and 25: ..:::::::::: C10-C13 chloroalkanes
Page 26 and 27: ..:::::::::: chlorfenvinphos ..:::2
Page 28 and 29: ..:::::::::: chlorpyrifos ..:::28 9
Page 30 and 31: ..:::::::::: dichloroethane (EDC) .
Page 32 and 33: ..:::::::::: dichloromethane ..:::3
Page 34 and 35: ..:::::::::: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthal
Page 36 and 37: ..:::::::::: diuron ..:::36 Diuron
Page 38 and 39: ..:::::::::: endosulfan ..:::38 Ref
Page 40 and 41: ..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 42 and 43: ..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 44 and 45: ..:::::::::: hexachlorocyclohexane
Page 46 and 47: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::46 18b Li
Page 48 and 49: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::48 (Envir
Page 50 and 51: ..:::::::::: isoproturon ..:::50 yn
Page 52 and 53: ..:::::::::: lead and its compounds
Page 54 and 55: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 56 and 57: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 58 and 59: ..:::::::::: nickel and nickel comp
Page 60 and 61: ..:::::::::: nonylphenols ..:::60 2
Page 62 and 63: ..:::::::::: octylphenols ..:::62 2
Page 64 and 65: ..:::::::::: pentachlorobenzene ..:
Page 66 and 67: ..:::::::::: pentachlorophenol/PCP
Page 68 and 69: ..:::::::::: polyaromatic hydrocarb
Page 70 and 71: ..:::::::::: simazine ..:::70 29 Si
Page 74 and 75: ..:::::::::: trichlorobenzene ..:::
Page 76 and 77: ..:::::::::: trichloromethane/chlor
Page 78 and 79: ..:::::::::: trifluralin ..:::78 Me
Page 80 and 81: ..:::::::::: copper ..:::80 a Coppe
Page 82 and 83: ..:::::::::: zinc ..:::82 b Zinc
Page 84 and 85: ..:::::::::: chromium ..:::84 c Chr
Page 86 and 87: ..:::::::::: arsenic ..:::86 d Arse
Page 88 and 89: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::88 e PCB �
Page 90 and 91: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::90 � St. me
Page 92 and 93: ..:::::::::: polychlorinated dibenz
Page 94 and 95: ..:::::::::: C14-C17 chloroalkanes
Page 96 and 97: ..:::::::::: perfluoroalkyl compoun
Page 98 and 99: ..:::::::::: appendix a ..:::98 (co
Page 100 and 101: ..:::::::::: appendix b ..:::100 Cl
Page 102 and 103: ..:::::::::: appendix c ..:::102 AP
Page 104: ..:::104 Utførende institusjon Ber
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