A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

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..:::::::::: C14-C17 chloroalkanes (MCCP) ..:::94 References � Miljøstatus: Klorerte parafiner � SFT: Kartlegging av bromerte flammehemmere og klorerte parafiner, NILU 62/2002, TA- 1924/2002. A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 � SFT: Kartlegging av utvalgte nye organiske miljøgifter -bromerte flammehemmere, klorerte parafiner, bisfenol A og triclosan. TA- 2006/2004. � SFT: Tiltaksanalyse 1995 - 2002.
� PFAS are very persistent and may harm reproduction. � General screening is not considered necessary, but monitoring and screening of specific localities should continue. Production and use The use in Norway was estimated to 23 - 26 tons in 2002. Historical data are lacking. PFAS are mainly used as surfactants, in fire extinguishers and preservatives in textiles. Emissions, discharges, distribution and hot-spots Emissions in Norway in 2002 are estimated to 13 - 15 tons, but these estimates are very rough. PFAS may have been used in specific paper productions. The compound Cera-F may form perfluoroalkyl compounds. Cera F is used widely in ski waxes (glider and wax). Possible hotspots are start areas / ski preparation areas of ski tracks. Monitoring PFAS have been screened in the program: "Kartlegging av utvalgte nye organiske miljøgifter i 2004. Bromerte flammehemmere, perfluoralkylstoffer, irgarol, diuron, BHT og dicofol" and in a common screening in the Nordic environment 2003. There has also been a Nordic screening related to water resources affected by landfills or municipal waste water plants. Marine sediment High concentrations are found at Rubbestadneset in Bømlo. Marine biota Concentrations in cod liver (Gadus morhua) were found to be higher than in an earlier Nordic screening. Fresh water PFAS concentrations in water were low compared to studies in Germany and USA. Fresh water sediment PFAS levels in fresh water sediments were low compared to levels from the Netherlands. perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) ::::::::::.. h Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) FACTS PFAS are a class of compounds. SFT has shown particular interest in the compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS, PFDS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFOSA. They are highly persistent and may harm reproduction. Fresh water biota The highest levels were found in perch (Perca fluriatilis) from Hurdalssjøen. Other In a Nordic screening, high PFAS concentrations were found in water affected by municipal waste water plants. Need for further screening and monitoring PFAS were screened in 2004. There is no further need for general screening at the moment, but monitoring should continue. Screening should be performed downstream of specific paper mills as PFAS may have been in former use at these sites. Analysis The methods for analysis of PFAS have been improved through the last years. However, this group of compounds possess exceptional chemical properties (hydrophobic and lipophobic at the same time) which require other techniques for sampling, extraction, clean-up and quantification. Methods The methods are based on extraction with an organic solvent or ion-pair extraction, a very short clean-up and separation and quantification with LC/MS. During sampling and analysis adsorption to surfaces must be avoided. During production of fluorinated polymers like Teflon PFAS has been used. Therefore the contact with Teflon or other fluorinated polymers can cause contamination of the sample during sampling, storage or analysis. Synergy with other analyses The special character of the requirements for PFAS sampling and analysis reduce the chance for synergy with the sampling and analysis of other compounds. A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 95:::..
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TA-2140/2005 A study of the priorit
Page 4 and 5:
..:::4 This report has been produce
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..:::::::::: introduction ..:::6 IN
Page 8 and 9:
..:::::::::: methods ..:::8 METHODS
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..:::::::::: priority substances in
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..:::::::::: alachlor ..:::12 1 Ala
Page 14 and 15:
..:::::::::: anthracene ..:::14 2 A
Page 16 and 17:
..:::::::::: atrazine ..:::16 Syner
Page 18 and 19:
..:::::::::: benzene ..:::18 Synerg
Page 20 and 21:
..:::::::::: pentabromodiphenylethe
Page 22 and 23:
..:::::::::: cadmium and its compou
Page 24 and 25:
..:::::::::: C10-C13 chloroalkanes
Page 26 and 27:
..:::::::::: chlorfenvinphos ..:::2
Page 28 and 29:
..:::::::::: chlorpyrifos ..:::28 9
Page 30 and 31:
..:::::::::: dichloroethane (EDC) .
Page 32 and 33:
..:::::::::: dichloromethane ..:::3
Page 34 and 35:
..:::::::::: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthal
Page 36 and 37:
..:::::::::: diuron ..:::36 Diuron
Page 38 and 39:
..:::::::::: endosulfan ..:::38 Ref
Page 40 and 41:
..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 42 and 43:
..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 44 and 45: ..:::::::::: hexachlorocyclohexane
Page 46 and 47: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::46 18b Li
Page 48 and 49: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::48 (Envir
Page 50 and 51: ..:::::::::: isoproturon ..:::50 yn
Page 52 and 53: ..:::::::::: lead and its compounds
Page 54 and 55: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 56 and 57: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 58 and 59: ..:::::::::: nickel and nickel comp
Page 60 and 61: ..:::::::::: nonylphenols ..:::60 2
Page 62 and 63: ..:::::::::: octylphenols ..:::62 2
Page 64 and 65: ..:::::::::: pentachlorobenzene ..:
Page 66 and 67: ..:::::::::: pentachlorophenol/PCP
Page 68 and 69: ..:::::::::: polyaromatic hydrocarb
Page 70 and 71: ..:::::::::: simazine ..:::70 29 Si
Page 72 and 73: ..:::::::::: tributyltin compounds
Page 74 and 75: ..:::::::::: trichlorobenzene ..:::
Page 76 and 77: ..:::::::::: trichloromethane/chlor
Page 78 and 79: ..:::::::::: trifluralin ..:::78 Me
Page 80 and 81: ..:::::::::: copper ..:::80 a Coppe
Page 82 and 83: ..:::::::::: zinc ..:::82 b Zinc
Page 84 and 85: ..:::::::::: chromium ..:::84 c Chr
Page 86 and 87: ..:::::::::: arsenic ..:::86 d Arse
Page 88 and 89: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::88 e PCB �
Page 90 and 91: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::90 � St. me
Page 92 and 93: ..:::::::::: polychlorinated dibenz
Page 96 and 97: ..:::::::::: perfluoroalkyl compoun
Page 98 and 99: ..:::::::::: appendix a ..:::98 (co
Page 100 and 101: ..:::::::::: appendix b ..:::100 Cl
Page 102 and 103: ..:::::::::: appendix c ..:::102 AP
Page 104: ..:::104 Utførende institusjon Ber
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