A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

..:::::::::: polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
..:::68
Marine biota
17 harbours or fjords have restrictions on consumption
and sales of seafood because of high
levels of PAH.
Fresh water sediment
Many lakes are strongly polluted by PAH, especially
along the coast from Grenland to Sogn og
Fjordane. Local air pollution (10 km or less to
polluter) is a major source.
Fresh water biota
PAH levels in fresh water biota (fish) are found
to be low.
Need for further screening and monitoring
PAH is thoroughly screened, and there is probably
no further need for screening, although
groundwater levels could be further studied.
PAH levels in Norwegian environment are high,
and monitoring should continue in order to estimate
health risks and effectiveness of policies
and measures. There is a chance that there
might be more hotspots that are currently not
mapped / known.
Analysis
PAH-analysis is well developed. PAH analysis
are normally performed as a multi-compound
method including from 7, 16, up to over 40 different
PAH-compounds including anthracene,
benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, fluoranthene,
indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, and naphthalene.
Methods
The methods are based on extraction with an
organic solvent and chromatographic or liquidliquid
extraction (Grimmer method) clean-up.
Separation and quantification is normally performed
with either GC- or LC-based methods:
normally GC/FID or GC/MS or HPLC/FLD.
Quantification for the most advanced methods
is based on the use of isotope labelled internal
standards. Naphthalene is the most volatile
PAH compound and can also be analysed with
purge-and-trap methods described for the
volatile organic compounds (VOC) (se under
benzene or dichloromethane).
Synergy with other analyses
Sample extraction can be co-ordinated with the
analysis of other organic semivolatile pollutants
A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive
TA-2140/2005
as PBDE, HCH, and SCCP/MCCP. However,
the clean-up and analysis of PAH is different
from the other compounds and is normally performed
as a separate method.
References
� CIRCA, Royal Haskoning: Fact sheets on
production, use and release of priority substances
in the WFD, PAH, Final version 31
January 2001.
� HSDB: PAH.
� ClassLab: PAH.
� SFT PAH 1995-2002.
� Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants
in sediments and fish from lakes in
Northern and Arctic regions of Norway, rapportnr.
688/97.
� Fylkesvise tiltaksplaner for forurensede sedimenter,
Rapport fra fase 1 for Farsundsområdet
med Lyngdalsfjorden, Vest-Agder.
� Miljøgifter i fisk, skalldyr og sediment i havneområder
og fjorder i Rogaland 1999-2000.
TA-1843/2001.
� Miljøgifter i havneområder i Nordland, rapport
876/03.
� Miljøgifter i marine sediment og organismer i
havneområdene ved Harstad, Tromsø,
Hammerfest og Honningsvåg 1997-98, TA-
1697/2000.
� Miljøgifter og radioaktivitet i norsk fauna -
inkludert Arktis og Antarktis, utredning for DN
nr. 1999-5.
� Miljøgiftundersøkelse i havner i Telemark,
Vestfold, Akershus og Østfold 1999. TA-1885-
2002.
� Miljøgiftundersøkelse i havner på Agder
1997-1998. PAH, PCB, tungmetaller i TBT i
sedimenter og organismer. Rapport 799/00, TA-
1728/2000.
� Miljøovervåkning i Sandefjordsfjorden og
indre Mefjorden, 1997-1998. Delrapport 2.
Miljøgifter i sedimenter. TA-1585/1998.
� National Comments regarding the Norwegian
data for 2003. Joint Assessment and Monitoring
Programme (JAMP), rapport 921/2004.
� Overvåking av miljøgifter i marine sedimenter
og organismer, 1981-1999. Joint Assessment
and Monitoring Programme (JAMP), TA-1797-
2001.
� Regional undersøkelse av miljøgifter i
innsjøsedimenter. Delrapport 1. Organiske
mikroforurensninger. Rapportnr. 712/97.
� Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og