A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

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..:::::::::: hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) ..:::44 18 Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) � HCH is a pesticide which in its raw form as insecticide against grasshoppers, lice and mites in buildings. � HCH consists of alpha, beta and gamma and delta isomers. The gamma isomer is Lindane. The alpha and beta isomers are usually byproducts from production of Lindane. This fact sheet covers alpha, beta and delta isomers. Lindane is covered in an own fact sheet. � There is no registered use in Norway, and low levels of HCH in the environment. � No further screening or monitoring of HCH is considered necessary. Production and use HCH has usually been a by-product in Lindane production. The alpha isomer is normally constitutes 70 % of HCH, beta is up to 10 percent while the rest is gamma (and delta) isomer and other substances. HCH has sometimes been used as an independent insecticide, less effective but cheaper than Lindane. There is no registered use in Norway, but HCH isomers can be a degradation product of Lindane. Emissions, discharges, distribution and hot-spots Probable sources for HCH in Norwegian the environment are transboundary air pollution and decomposition of Lindane. Monitoring HCH has been studied in several investigations, but there are no time studies. Marine sediments In marine sediments, HCH isomers are investigated together, at 24 localities along the coast. The levels are relatively low, the highest levels are found in Tyssedal in Sørfjorden in Hordaland County. Marine biota All HCH isomers are also investigated together in marine biota. Horse mussels (Modilus modilus), blue mussels (Mytilus edulis), cod liver (Gadus morhua), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus) have been investigated. The highest levels are in falcons, but also these levels are relatively low. A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 FACTS Cas no.: 608-73-1 (alfa 319-84-6, beta 319-85-7, delta 319-86-8) Synonyms: Alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha- HCH), Beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH), Delta-hexachlorocyclohexane (delta-HCH). Properties: White/yellowish powder/flakes Toxic effects: Possible carcinogen. Slightly toxic. Alpha: acute oral LD50 rats between 500-4670 mg/kg. Alpha-HCH has low toxicity for algae. Alpha- HCH is moderately toxic for invertebrates and fish. Beta: LD50 rats from 1500 mg/kg (8 g/kg body weight for rats (neurological intoxication)). Beta-HCH generally has moderate toxicity for algae, invertebrates and fish and weak estrogenic effect on rats. Delta: LD50 rats 1000mg/kg Log Kow: Alpha: 3,8; Beta 3,78; Delta 4,14 Persistence: Alpha: half-lives of 125 and 48 days under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. Beta is the most persistent isomer with half-life up to 122 days in soil (calculation). Other tests show higher persistence. HCH may convert to other isomers. Adsorbs to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. High to very high potential for bioaccumulation. Water solubility: Alpha 2 mg/l 28°C; Beta 0,2 mg/l 25°C; Delta 31,4mg/l 25°C Molecular formula: C 6 H 6 Cl 6 Metabolites: Alpha delta-3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-hexene and pentachlorocyclohexene, urinary metabolite is 2,4,6-tri-chlorophenol. Fresh water sediments �-HCH and ß-HCH were investigated in sediments in several lakes in Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. Only �-HCH was found, in low concentrations. Fresh water biota Pike liver (Esox lucius), perch liver (Perca fluriatilis) and roach liver (Rutilus rutilus) in three lakes in Eastern Norway were investigated. �- HCH was found in low concentration in one pike liver.
Need for further screening and monitoring HCH levels in environment are low, and there is no use of HCH in Norway. No further screening or monitoring is considered necessary. Analysis The analysis of the different isomers of HCH is often part of multi pesticide packages offered by several laboratories. Methods The methods are based on direct extraction with an organic solvent (sediment and biota) or solid phase extraction (SPE), chromatographic cleanup and separation and quantification with GCbased methods: GC/MS or GC/ECD. Synergy with other analyses Sample extraction and clean-up can be co-ordinated with the analysis of other pesticides which can be analysed by GC/MS especially other organochloro insecticides as for example DDT, endosulfan or chlordanes. References � WHO: International programme on chemical safety. Environmental health criteria 123 ALPHA- and BETA-HEXACHLOROCYCLO- HEXANES. 1992 � HSDB: Hexachlorocyclohexane and Alpha, Beta and Delta isomers � EPA Integrated Risk Information System, http://www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0244.htm hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) ::::::::::.. � Overvåking av miljøgifter i marine sedimenter og organismer, 1981-1999. Joint Assessment and Monitoring Programme (JAMP), TA-1797- 2001. � Miljøgifter i marine sediment og organismer i havneområdene ved Harstad, Tromsø, Hammerfest og Honningsvåg 1997-98, TA- 1697/2000. � Miljøgifter i fisk, skalldyr og sediment i havneområder og fjorder i Rogaland 1999-2000. TA-1843/2001. � Miljøgifter og radioaktivitet i norsk fauna - inkludert Arktis og Antarktis, utredning for DN nr. 1999-5. � Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants in sediments and fish from lakes in Northern and Arctic regions of Norway, rapportnr. 688/97. � Jordforsk 41/04: "Organiske miljøgifter i fisk nedstrøms avfallsdeponier". � Kaste, Ø., Fjeld, E., Rognerud, S.: Miljøgifter i innsjøsedimenter og fisk i Agder. (Environmental contaminants in lake sediments and fish in the Agder counties). NIVA september 2000. � Tatiana Savinova, Vladimir Savinov, Guttorm Christensen, Galina Chernik, Lyudmila Alexeeva, Dmitry Samsonov and Nikolay Kashulin: Screening studies on POP levels in freshwater environment within the joint Russian-Norwegian border area. A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive TA-2140/2005 45:::..
Page 1: TA-2140/2005 A study of the priorit
Page 4 and 5: ..:::4 This report has been produce
Page 6 and 7: ..:::::::::: introduction ..:::6 IN
Page 8 and 9: ..:::::::::: methods ..:::8 METHODS
Page 10 and 11: ..:::::::::: priority substances in
Page 12 and 13: ..:::::::::: alachlor ..:::12 1 Ala
Page 14 and 15: ..:::::::::: anthracene ..:::14 2 A
Page 16 and 17: ..:::::::::: atrazine ..:::16 Syner
Page 18 and 19: ..:::::::::: benzene ..:::18 Synerg
Page 20 and 21: ..:::::::::: pentabromodiphenylethe
Page 22 and 23: ..:::::::::: cadmium and its compou
Page 24 and 25: ..:::::::::: C10-C13 chloroalkanes
Page 26 and 27: ..:::::::::: chlorfenvinphos ..:::2
Page 28 and 29: ..:::::::::: chlorpyrifos ..:::28 9
Page 30 and 31: ..:::::::::: dichloroethane (EDC) .
Page 32 and 33: ..:::::::::: dichloromethane ..:::3
Page 34 and 35: ..:::::::::: di(2-ethylhexyl)phthal
Page 36 and 37: ..:::::::::: diuron ..:::36 Diuron
Page 38 and 39: ..:::::::::: endosulfan ..:::38 Ref
Page 40 and 41: ..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 42 and 43: ..:::::::::: hexachlorobenzene (HCB
Page 46 and 47: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::46 18b Li
Page 48 and 49: ..:::::::::: lindane ..:::48 (Envir
Page 50 and 51: ..:::::::::: isoproturon ..:::50 yn
Page 52 and 53: ..:::::::::: lead and its compounds
Page 54 and 55: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 56 and 57: ..:::::::::: mercury and its compou
Page 58 and 59: ..:::::::::: nickel and nickel comp
Page 60 and 61: ..:::::::::: nonylphenols ..:::60 2
Page 62 and 63: ..:::::::::: octylphenols ..:::62 2
Page 64 and 65: ..:::::::::: pentachlorobenzene ..:
Page 66 and 67: ..:::::::::: pentachlorophenol/PCP
Page 68 and 69: ..:::::::::: polyaromatic hydrocarb
Page 70 and 71: ..:::::::::: simazine ..:::70 29 Si
Page 72 and 73: ..:::::::::: tributyltin compounds
Page 74 and 75: ..:::::::::: trichlorobenzene ..:::
Page 76 and 77: ..:::::::::: trichloromethane/chlor
Page 78 and 79: ..:::::::::: trifluralin ..:::78 Me
Page 80 and 81: ..:::::::::: copper ..:::80 a Coppe
Page 82 and 83: ..:::::::::: zinc ..:::82 b Zinc
Page 84 and 85: ..:::::::::: chromium ..:::84 c Chr
Page 86 and 87: ..:::::::::: arsenic ..:::86 d Arse
Page 88 and 89: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::88 e PCB �
Page 90 and 91: ..:::::::::: PCB ..:::90 � St. me
Page 92 and 93: ..:::::::::: polychlorinated dibenz
Page 94 and 95:
..:::::::::: C14-C17 chloroalkanes
Page 96 and 97:
..:::::::::: perfluoroalkyl compoun
Page 98 and 99:
..:::::::::: appendix a ..:::98 (co
Page 100 and 101:
..:::::::::: appendix b ..:::100 Cl
Page 102 and 103:
..:::::::::: appendix c ..:::102 AP
Page 104:
..:::104 Utførende institusjon Ber
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