A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

..:::::::::: lead and its compounds
..:::52
sumption and sales of seafood due to lead concentrations
in Sørfjorden (all seafood), Harstad
(liver and shell) and Årdalsfjorden (shellfish).
Both swans and ducks are reported with lead
poisoning between 1970 and 1990. Cod-liver in
Inner Oslofjord has high and increasing lead
burdens.
Fresh water
Several rivers have been monitored for lead pollution.
High concentrations (class IV - V) were
found in samples from Glomma,
Numedalslågen, Orreelva and Vefsna. The lead
concentrations in streams are not decreasing.
Fresh water sediment
The levels of lead are high in nearly all fresh
water sediment in Norway. Atmospheric pollution
is a significant source, in addition to mining
and local industry.
Fresh water biota
The lead levels in trout in Vefsna are higher
than from other rivers. There are not many
studies on fresh water biota.
Need for further screening and monitoring
Lead is thoroughly screened and there is no further
need for screening. However, monitoring of
lead concentrations should continue, both
because environmental levels are high and in
order to evaluate measures and policies for lead
reduction, such as the banning of lead in shotgun
ammunition.
Localities for further screening and monitoring
The monitoring of lead should be continued in
the same localities which have been monitored
earlier.
Analysis
There are several well-established techniques for
determination of Pb. Several companies offer
this service in Norway and Europe. The most
common techniques are inductively coupled
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), inductively
coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
(ICP-AES), Graphite Furnace Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy (GF-AAS) and Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (F-AAS).
Methods
Water samples are acidified with 1-10% nitric
acid.
A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive
TA-2140/2005
For analysis of solid samples, the methods are
based on digestion with nitric acid / hydrogen
peroxide in sealed containers using microwave
system.
Synergy with other analyses
The sample digestion method used for determination
of lead can also be used for determination
of Cu, Hg, Ni, Zn, Cr and As.
References
� CIRCA, Royal Haskoning Fact sheets on production,
use and release of priority substances in
the WFD, Lead, Final version 31 January 2001.
� WHO International programme on chemical
safety. Environmental health criteria 3 Lead.
Geneva 1977
� HSDB: Lead.
� Miljøstatus, Bly.
� SFT- communication 22.11.05
� Overvåking av miljøgifter i marine sedimenter
og organismer, 1981-1999. Joint Assessment
and Monitoring Programme (JAMP), TA-1797-
2001.
� Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og
utvalgte kystområder. Fase 1. Miljøgifter i sedimenter
på strekningen Narvik-Kragerø. TA-
1159/1994.
� Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og
utvalgte kystområder. Fase 2. Miljøgifter i sedimenter
på strekningen Stavern-Hvitsten. TA-
1160/1994.
� Sonderende undersøkelser i norske havner og
utvalgte kystområder. Fase 3. Miljøgifter i sedimenter
på strekningen Ramsund-Kirkenes. TA-
1215/1995.
� National Comments regarding the Norwegian
data for 2003. Joint Assessment and Monitoring
Programme (JAMP), rapport 921/2004.
� Miljøgifter og radioaktivitet i norsk fauna -
inkludert Arktis og Antarktis, utredning for DN
nr. 1999-5.
� Heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants
in sediments and fish from lakes in
Northern and Arctic regions of Norway, rapportnr.
688/97.
� Miljøgifter i marine sediment og organismer i
havneområdene ved Harstad, Tromsø,
Hammerfest og Honningsvåg 1997-98, TA-
1697/2000.
� Miljøgifter i fisk, skalldyr og sediment i havneområder
og fjorder i Rogaland 1999-2000.
TA-1843/2001.