A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive ...

� PFAS are very persistent and may harm reproduction.
� General screening is not considered necessary,
but monitoring and screening of specific localities
should continue.
Production and use
The use in Norway was estimated to 23 - 26
tons in 2002. Historical data are lacking. PFAS
are mainly used as surfactants, in fire extinguishers
and preservatives in textiles.
Emissions, discharges,
distribution and hot-spots
Emissions in Norway in 2002 are estimated to
13 - 15 tons, but these estimates are very rough.
PFAS may have been used in specific paper productions.
The compound Cera-F may form perfluoroalkyl
compounds. Cera F is used widely in
ski waxes (glider and wax). Possible hotspots
are start areas / ski preparation areas of ski
tracks.
Monitoring
PFAS have been screened in the program:
"Kartlegging av utvalgte nye organiske
miljøgifter i 2004. Bromerte flammehemmere,
perfluoralkylstoffer, irgarol, diuron, BHT og
dicofol" and in a common screening in the
Nordic environment 2003. There has also been
a Nordic screening related to water resources
affected by landfills or municipal waste water
plants.
Marine sediment
High concentrations are found at
Rubbestadneset in Bømlo.
Marine biota
Concentrations in cod liver (Gadus morhua)
were found to be higher than in an earlier
Nordic screening.
Fresh water
PFAS concentrations in water were low compared
to studies in Germany and USA.
Fresh water sediment
PFAS levels in fresh water sediments were low
compared to levels from the Netherlands.
perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS) ::::::::::..
h Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS)
FACTS
PFAS are a class of compounds. SFT has shown particular
interest in the compounds PFBS, PFHxS, PFOS,
PFDS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA and PFOSA. They are highly
persistent and may harm reproduction.
Fresh water biota
The highest levels were found in perch (Perca
fluriatilis) from Hurdalssjøen.
Other
In a Nordic screening, high PFAS concentrations
were found in water affected by municipal
waste water plants.
Need for further screening and monitoring
PFAS were screened in 2004. There is no further
need for general screening at the moment, but
monitoring should continue. Screening should
be performed downstream of specific paper
mills as PFAS may have been in former use at
these sites.
Analysis
The methods for analysis of PFAS have been
improved through the last years. However, this
group of compounds possess exceptional chemical
properties (hydrophobic and lipophobic at
the same time) which require other techniques
for sampling, extraction, clean-up and quantification.
Methods
The methods are based on extraction with an
organic solvent or ion-pair extraction, a very
short clean-up and separation and quantification
with LC/MS. During sampling and analysis
adsorption to surfaces must be avoided. During
production of fluorinated polymers like Teflon
PFAS has been used. Therefore the contact with
Teflon or other fluorinated polymers can cause
contamination of the sample during sampling,
storage or analysis.
Synergy with other analyses
The special character of the requirements for
PFAS sampling and analysis reduce the chance
for synergy with the sampling and analysis of
other compounds.
A study of the priority substances of the Water Framework Directive
TA-2140/2005
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