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List of Contents XIII 9.2 New Types of Galaxies ........................................ 369 9.2.1 Starburst Galaxies .............................................. 369 9.2.2 Extremely Red Objects (EROs) ................................ 371 9.2.3 Submillimeter Sources: A View Through Thick Dust ......... 374 9.2.4 Damped Lyman-Alpha Systems ............................... 377 9.2.5 Lyman-Alpha Blobs ............................................ 378 9.3 Background Radiation at Smaller Wavelengths ............ 379 9.3.1 The IR Background ............................................ 380 9.3.2 The X-Ray Background ........................................ 380 9.4 Reionization of the Universe ................................. 382 9.4.1 The First Stars .................................................. 383 9.4.2 The Reionization Process ...................................... 385 9.5 The Cosmic Star-Formation History ........................ 387 9.5.1 Indicators of Star Formation ................................... 387 9.5.2 Redshift Dependence of the Star Formation: The Madau Diagram ........................................... 389 9.6 Galaxy Formation and Evolution ............................ 390 9.6.1 Expectations from Structure Formation ....................... 391 9.6.2 Formation of Elliptical Galaxies ............................... 392 9.6.3 Semi-Analytic Models ......................................... 395 9.6.4 Cosmic Downsizing ............................................ 400 9.7 Gamma-Ray Bursts ........................................... 402 10. Outlook .......................................................................................................407 Appendix A. The Electromagnetic Radiation Field A.1 Parameters of the Radiation Field ........................... 417 A.2 Radiative Transfer ............................................ 417 A.3 Blackbody Radiation ......................................... 418 A.4 The Magnitude Scale ......................................... 420 A.4.1 Apparent Magnitude ........................................... 420 A.4.2 Filters and Colors .............................................. 420 A.4.3 Absolute Magnitude ............................................ 422 A.4.4 Bolometric Parameters ......................................... 422 B. Properties of Stars B.1 The Parameters of Stars ...................................... 425 B.2 Spectral Class, Luminosity Class, and the Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram ..................... 425 B.3 Structure and Evolution of Stars ............................ 427 C. Units and Constants .........................................................................................431
Page 2: Peter Schneider Extragalactic Astro
Page 8: Prof. Dr. Peter Schneider Argelande
Page 12: Preface VI ter aspects are discusse
Page 16: List of Contents VIII 2.5.1 The Gra
Page 20: List of Contents X 5. Active Galact
Page 24: List of Contents XII 8. Cosmology I
Page 30: 1. Introduction and Overview 1 1.1
Page 34: 1.1 Introduction a crucial role in
Page 38: 1.2 Overview 5 250 Rotation Velocit
Page 42: 1.2 Overview parameters of the Milk
Page 46: 1.2 Overview Fig. 1.9. The spectra
Page 50: 1.2 Overview random velocities of t
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Page 58: 1.2 Overview • the current mean m
Page 62: 1.2 Overview 17 The CMB photons we
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1.3 The Tools of Extragalactic Astr
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 36 Fig
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 38 ric
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 40 tri
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 44 gra
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 46 A s
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 48 a l
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 50 iro
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 52 is
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 54 is
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 56 The
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 58 whe
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 60 If
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 62 Con
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 66 The
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 68 fac
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 70 the
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 72 nif
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 74 pro
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 78 bee
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2. The Milky Way as a Galaxy 84 any
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3. The World of Galaxies 87 The ins
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3.1 Classification these names are
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3.2 Elliptical Galaxies 91 Fig. 3.5
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3.2 Elliptical Galaxies 93 Fig. 3.7
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3.2 Elliptical Galaxies anisotropic
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3.2 Elliptical Galaxies Fig. 3.12.
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3.3 Spiral Galaxies 99 Fig. 3.14. T
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3.3 Spiral Galaxies 101 Fig. 3.15.
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3.3 Spiral Galaxies luminous galaxi
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3.4 Scaling Relations 105 Fig. 3.20
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3.4 Scaling Relations gas, which ca
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3.5 Black Holes in the Centers of G
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3.5 Black Holes in the Centers of G
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3.6 Extragalactic Distance Determin
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3.6 Extragalactic Distance Determin
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3.7 Luminosity Function of Galaxies
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3.7 Luminosity Function of Galaxies
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3.8 Galaxies as Gravitational Lense
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3.9 Population Synthesis 131 Fig. 3
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3.9 Population Synthesis The integr
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3.9 Population Synthesis photometri
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3.9 Population Synthesis 137 Fig. 3
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3.10 Chemical Evolution of Galaxies
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4. Cosmology I: Homogeneous Isotrop
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4.1 Introduction and Fundamental Ob
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4.2 An Expanding Universe the Hubbl
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4.2 An Expanding Universe in which
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4.2 An Expanding Universe physical
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4.2 An Expanding Universe time. Hen
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4.3 Consequences of the Friedmann E
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4.4 Thermal History of the Universe
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4.5 Achievements and Problems of th
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 175 The l
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5.1 Introduction 5.1 Introduction 5
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5.1 Introduction 179 Fig. 5.5. Radi
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5.1 Introduction The synchrotron sp
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5.2 AGN Zoology have in common stro
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5.3 The Central Engine: A Black Hol
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5.4 Components of an AGN 5.4 Compon
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5.4 Components of an AGN transition
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5.4 Components of an AGN Fig. 5.22.
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5.4 Components of an AGN by magneti
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5.4 Components of an AGN sible to o
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5.4 Components of an AGN ity of an
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 208 radia
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 210 Fig.
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 212 5.5.4
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 214 elect
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 216 QSOs
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5. Active Galactic Nuclei 218 tion.
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5.6 AGNs and Cosmology 221 ize hydr
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6. Clusters and Groups of Galaxies
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6.1 The Local Group 225 Table 6.1.
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7. Cosmology II: Inhomogeneities in
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7.2 Gravitational Instability gravi
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7.2 Gravitational Instability i.e.,
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7.3 Description of Density Fluctuat
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7.4 Evolution of Density Fluctuatio
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7.4 Evolution of Density Fluctuatio
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7.5 Non-Linear Structure Evolution
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7.7 Origin of the Density Fluctuati
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8. Cosmology III: The Cosmological
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352 8. Cosmology III: The Cosmologi
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9. The Universe at High Redshift 35
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10. Outlook 407 In the final chapte
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10. Outlook telescope will start a
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10. Outlook New windows to the Univ
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10. Outlook understand why the dens
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Appendix
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A. The Electromagnetic Radiation Fi
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B. Properties of Stars 425 In this
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B.3 Structure and Evolution of Star
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B.3 Structure and Evolution of Star
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D. Recommended Literature 433 In th
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D.3 Review Articles, Current Litera
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E. Acronyms Used 438 GRB Gamma-Ray
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F. Figure Credits 441 Chapter 1 1.1
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F. Figure Credits 1.25 Source: R. W
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F. Figure Credits Nik Szymanek. bot
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F. Figure Credits 5.5 Credit: Laing
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F. Figure Credits 6.26 Source: http
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F. Figure Credits 8.24 Credit: Hu &
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Subject Index 453 A AB magnitudes 4
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Subject Index 455 Doppler effect 38
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Subject Index 457 -dampedLyα syste
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Subject Index 459 virial theorem 13
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