Violence in Nigeria

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102 violent deaths involving Muslims or Islamic groups. Typical cases include 2012 and 2013, which far outweigh the frequency of violent deaths involving Christians or Christian groups. Although, as we have noted all along, this high frequency on the Muslim side entails a combination of both perpetrators and victims of violence, it is the kind of disparity which has led scholars such as Falola (1998) to suggest that Islam has gained a wider reputation for militancy than Christianity. It is also the kind of disparity which in a metaphoric sense is a reminder of Huntington’s (1996: 254) analysis of the phenomenon he describes as ‘Islam’s bloody borders’. Beyond frequencies: Dimensions of violent death incidents Returning to our data, we will try to expound further on these ‘excess’ fatalities involving Christian and Islamic groups, which appear to fall outside the scope of religious issues. We will expand our framework to also examine some of these non-religious protagonists implicated in the phenomenon of violent deaths involving Christian and, particularly, Islamic groups. In doing so, we will look beyond the frequency of violent deaths to examine more critically the nature of the issues themselves. The frequencies of violent deaths tell us one thing, but the frequencies of the violent incidents that produce these violent deaths reveal even more. This opens up in several interesting ways another dimension of our study. First, it facilitates our knowledge of the frequency of these incidents involving Christian and Islamic groups in addition to just the frequency of the violent deaths reflected in the graphs so far. Second, we will have more knowledge of the extent to which non-religious issues involving Christian and Islamic groups occur and recur each year. And third, we will further be able to gain a clearer sense of the proportions which these non-religious and religious issues hold in relation to each other, as well as the correlational dynamics between the different protagonists between June 2006 and May 2014. Table 5.1 is therefore an attempt to capture the aforementioned explanation through the display of various frequencies of violent death incidents of which religious and non-religious issues are casual factors with the involvement of Muslim and Christian groups, as well as their linkages with other key protagonists. The search method used in generating the data in this table employed the use of the key words ‘Islamic groups’ and ‘Churches’ in the Nigeria Watch database. When these specific key words are utilized in a search like this on the database, the data generated includes violent incidents involving Islamic groups and Christian groups, as well those incidents that share a nexus with intra-group violence within either of the religious faiths. Additional data generated through this search method includes incidents of both a religious and non-religious character
which have a lethal connection between either of the religious faiths and other non-religious protagonists. For each year, all the data generated is classified under six main rubrics: Islamic group versus Christian group (religious issues); Islamic group versus Christian group (non-religious issues); Islamic group versus Islamic group (religious issues); Islamic group versus Security forces (JTF, police); Islamic group versus Vigilante group, Civilian JTF; and Other Violent Death Incidents involving Muslims and Christians (Community violence). With reference to specific incidents, where necessary we will analyse the data under each rubric one at a time. 103 Table 5.1 Frequencies of violent death incidents involving Muslims and Christians (religious and non-religious issues) (June 2006-May 2014) Year Islamic group Islamic Islamic Other violent death Islamic group Islamic group vs. Christian group vs. group vs. incidents involving vs. Christian vs. Islamic group (nonreligious forces (JTF, group, Civiltians (community Security Vigilante Muslims and Chris- group (religious issues) gious issue) group (reli- issues) police) ian JTF violence) 2006 2 0 1 0 0 18 2007 3 0 5 1 0 19 2008 2 1 0 0 0 25 2009 0 2 4 10 0 18 2010 8 4 9 11 0 35 2011 5 33 20 66 0 52 2012 27 1 15 161 0 59 2013 6 1 4 138 5 38 2014 4 0 2 31 2 68 TOTAL 57 42 60 418 7 332 Islamic group versus Christian group (religious issues) Under this rubric, we take into account the recurrence rate of violent incidents with manifestations inspired by religious issues involving Christian and Islamic groups. A total of 57 incidents are identified, and 2012 represents the year with the highest rate of this type of incident between June 2006 and May 2014. In comparison with some other rubrics that possess higher frequencies of incidents reflected in Table 5.1, this total figure of 57 is once again a reminder of how religious issues do not represent the only cause or pattern of violent deaths involving Muslims and Christians in Nigeria. These religious incidents are nonetheless significant and are mainly comprised of three forms of violent encounters: first, attacks instigated by the Islamist group Boko Haram against Christian groups, with churches being a prime target; second, attacks through series of assassinations targeted at Christian clerics; and third - although to a lesser extent than the first and second forms - reprisal attacks by Christians against Muslims.
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
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ual killings. As for the link betwe
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in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
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Trends and patterns of fatal road a
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all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
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sarawa State were killed in a multi
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safety measures. Christie argued th
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fatal road accidents because it rec
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Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
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Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
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Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
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driving, a situation that frequentl
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Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
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However, the administration of Gove
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has been a large increase in the nu
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pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
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39 Conclusion This study has examin
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Patterns and trend analysis of viol
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of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
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a need to bring indigenous investor
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and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
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ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 121 and 122: nored. Based on the data, they repr
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
Page 125 and 126: ment’s JTF to engage members of t
Page 127 and 128: ping demonstrates that religious ca
Page 129 and 130: the intervention of the security fo
Page 131 and 132: Although some of the victims are cr
Page 133 and 134: ‘Court Martial’, respectively,
Page 135 and 136: chosen because the database started
Page 137 and 138: an annual average of 59% between Ju
Page 139 and 140: 123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
Page 141 and 142: than other of its relations, it wou
Page 143 and 144: tervene more in violent incidents i
Page 145 and 146: tion of the security forces, notabl
Page 147 and 148: Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
Page 149 and 150: ty outfit in the state, the Special
Page 151 and 152: however, that both the attackers an
Page 153 and 154: to leverage their ethnic and religi
Page 155 and 156: CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
Page 157 and 158: Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
Page 159 and 160: A survey of violence-related deaths
Page 161 and 162: Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
Page 163 and 164: one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
Page 167 and 168: Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Table 7.4 Violent events recorded i
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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