Violence in Nigeria

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64 the most common (Awogbade 1987; Iro 1994). They also supply skins, bones, and horns as complementary products. The pastoralist system involves young men who tend the herd, while the women cook and sell animal products in the markets. 3 The elders, in their own stead, are in charge of developing and managing resources at the levels of the community and domestic units (Awogbade 1987; Iro 1994). Despite the development and the centralization of the state dating back to the colonial era, these informal governing mechanisms have been key to understanding the challenges the pastoralists face with farmers, explaining their social stratification and their seemingly egalitarian nature (Dyson-Hudson 1990; Bradburd 1996; Okello et al. 2014). From a historical point of view, certain scholars refer to the fact that conflicts resulting from cattle grazing have existed for as long as the practice of agriculture (Blench 2010; Abbass 2012). In the Nigerian context, however, colonization, together with the fall of the Sokoto caliphate and the introduction of jangali (cattle tax), marginalized the Fulani and dispersed them further towards the South (Azarya 1996; Okello et al. 2014). According to Ofuoku and Isife (2009), the advancement of farming through irrigation and the increased decimation of pasture across the savannah also extended the scope of transhumance-related conflicts to the coastal zones which were more ecologically viable (Blench 2010). This evolution was complemented by the provision of affordable trypanocides, which provided a coping means for the herders in the tsetse-infested humid regions of southern Nigeria (ibid.). Thus, the period from May to September, during the rainy season, has been identified as the intense period of clashes between pastoralists and farmers over arable land, when the Fulani return northwards with their cattle as the vegetation begins to appear. These clashes result from the invasion of arable land by the cattle during this peak season of crop production (Adekunle & Adisa 2010; Abbass 2012). The failure of the government in mediating such conflicts and setting up judicial commissions cannot be underestimated because it pushes communities to take the law into their own hands. After the initiation of the first national livestock development project (NLDP) and the enactment of a grazing law by the Northern Nigeria Legislative Assembly in 1965, the authorities attempted to provide grazing lands in order to make the nomadic Fulani sedentary (Awogbade 1987). In collaboration with organizations such as the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), the objective was to enhance productivity and to demarcate 4,125 grazing lands across Nigeria, covering about 4.3 million ha, some 3 This market role of women makes them important channels of communication between their communities and urban centres, transmitting vital information about prices, disease outbreaks, and trade conditions (see Shehu & Hassan 1995).
of the lands being equipped with boreholes, fences, fire breaks, veterinary services, access roads, and dams (Awogbade 1987; Abbass 2012; Koster & de Wolff 2012). The predominant types of ranches were to be individually owned by farmers with large investments; there were few options for cooperatives and a collective management of the herds. Since 2009, grazing routes have also been marked out through Nasarawa, Benue, Plateau, Kastina, Bauchi, Abuja, Sokoto, and Adamawa. According to Abbass (2012), however, only 270 of these official grazing lands are functional. 65 Cattle grazing and lethal violence: Analysis of trends across Nigeria (June 2006-May 2014) During the past eight years, the Nigeria Watch database has recorded 615 violent deaths related to cattle grazing, out of a total of over 61,000 violent fatalities in Nigeria (Figures 1.2 and 3.1). The analysis that follows was undertaken with 111 relevant cases, which were reported by the press across the 36 states of Nigeria from June 2006 to May 2014. It seeks to understand the frequency, the intensity, the patterns, and the geography of such violence, based on a study of 7 incidents in 2006, 9 in 2007, 6 in 2008, 13 in 2009, 9 in 2010, 15 in 2011, 17 in 2012, 27 in 2013, and 8 as at May 2014. Figure 3.1 Violent deaths in Nigeria caused by cattle grazing, per year (June 2006-May 2014)
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
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ual killings. As for the link betwe
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in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
Page 29 and 30: Trends and patterns of fatal road a
Page 31 and 32: all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
Page 33 and 34: sarawa State were killed in a multi
Page 35 and 36: safety measures. Christie argued th
Page 37 and 38: fatal road accidents because it rec
Page 39 and 40: Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
Page 43 and 44: Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
Page 45 and 46: driving, a situation that frequentl
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
Page 49 and 50: However, the administration of Gove
Page 51 and 52: has been a large increase in the nu
Page 53 and 54: pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
Page 55 and 56: 39 Conclusion This study has examin
Page 57 and 58: Patterns and trend analysis of viol
Page 59 and 60: of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
Page 61 and 62: a need to bring indigenous investor
Page 63 and 64: and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
Page 65 and 66: ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 119 and 120: which have a lethal connection betw
Page 121 and 122: nored. Based on the data, they repr
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
Page 125 and 126: ment’s JTF to engage members of t
Page 127 and 128: ping demonstrates that religious ca
Page 129 and 130: the intervention of the security fo
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Although some of the victims are cr
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‘Court Martial’, respectively,
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chosen because the database started
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an annual average of 59% between Ju
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123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
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than other of its relations, it wou
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tervene more in violent incidents i
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tion of the security forces, notabl
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Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
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ty outfit in the state, the Special
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however, that both the attackers an
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to leverage their ethnic and religi
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CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
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Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
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A survey of violence-related deaths
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Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
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one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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