Violence in Nigeria

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74 grazing lands; some of the conflicts result from reprisals during the night or at dawn in order to wreak havoc with minimal resistance. The mobilization of men disguised in army uniforms proves the premeditated readiness for these attacks. Sometimes, the problems are also related to the ‘invasion’ of border communities, as in Nasarawa in 2009, and may involve the engagement of foreign ‘mercenaries’ from the Republic of Niger, Chad, and Cameroon, as was reported in the case of the Mubi cow market in 2010. Conclusion This study has situated and analysed fatal incidents resulting from cattle grazing in Nigeria within its historical, political, and social contexts. Using the Nigeria Watch database data from June 2006 to May 2014, it has identified the major stakeholders as being communities of farmers and Fulani. State security agents, the political authorities, and local or foreign ‘mercenaries’ also played a role. The causes, however, were identified to be fundamentally economic and centred around land issues, showing that the creation by the government of grazing routes did not mitigate the problem. In the final analysis, the study revealed that violence from cattle conflicts was not restricted to specific periods of the year and occurred during all months, with the highest number of fatalities recorded in both the rainy (June) and dry (December) seasons. References ABBASS, I. (2012), No Retreat, No Surrender: Conflict for Survival Between the Fulani Pastoralist and Farmers in Northern Nigeria. European Scientific Journal 8(1): 331-346. ADAMS, A., ed., (2014), Fatality Trends. The Nigeria Watch Project 1(2). (January-April). ADEKUNLE, O. & S. ADISA (2010), An Empirical Phenomenological Psychological Study of Farmer-Herdsmen Conflicts in North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences 2(1): 1-27. AUDU, S. (2013), Conflicts Among Farmers and Pastoralists in Northern Nigeria Induced by Freshwater Scarcity. Developing Country Studies 3(12): 25-32. AUDU, S. (2014), Freshwater Scarcity: A Threat to Peaceful Co-Existence Between Farmers and Pastoralists in Northern Nigeria. International Journal of Development and Sustainability 3(1): 242-251. AWOGBADE, M. (1987), Grazing Reserves in Nigeria. Nomadic Peoples 23: 19-30. AZARYA, V. (1996), Pastoralism and the State in Africa: Marginality or Incorporation. Nomadic Peoples 38: 11-36. BELLO, A. (2013), Herdsmen and Farmers’ Conflicts in North-Eastern Nigeria: Causes, Repercussions and Resolutions. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2(5): 129-139. BLENCH, R. (1994), The Expansion and Adaptation of Fulbe Pastoralism to Subhumid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria. Cahiers d’etudes africaines 34(133-135): 197-212.
BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between Pastoralists and Cultivators in Nigeria. Review paper prepared for DFID, Nigeria. 9 August 2010. BOURN, D. (1992), Highlights of the Nigerian Livestock Resources Report. www.odi.org/resources/docs/5399.pdf. Accessed 5 October 2014. BRADBURD, D. (1996), Towards the Understanding of the Fate of Modern Pastoralists: Starting with the State. Nomadic Peoples 38: 37-48. BRAUKAMPER, U. (1996), Strategies of Environmental Adaptation and Patterns of the Transhumance of the Shuwa Arabs in Nigerian Chad Basin. Nomadic Peoples 39: 53-68. DYSON-HUDSON, R. (1990), Towards a General Theory of Pastoralism and Social Stratification. Nomadic Peoples 7: 1-7. FASONA, M. & A. OMOJOLA (2005), Climate Change, Human Security and Communal Clashes in Nigeria. Paper presented at the International Workshop on Human Security and Climate change, Holmen Fjord Hotel, Oslo, 21-23 October 2005. FOLAMI, O. (2009), Climate Change and Inter-Ethnic Conflict Between Fulani Herdsmen and Host Communities in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at Conference on Climate Change and Security Organized by the Norwegian Academic of Sciences and Letters on the Occasion of 250 Years’ Anniversary in Trondiem, Norway 2010. GEFU, J. & J. GILLES (1990), Pastoralists, Ranchers and the State in Nigeria and North America: A Comparative Analysis. Nomadic Peoples 25-27: 34-50. IRO, I. (1994), The Fulani Herding System. Washington: African Development Foundation. KOSTER, H. & J. DE WOLFF (2012), Dairy Development Programme in Nigeria Baseline Report: Key Findings and Recommendations. Alabama: IFRC. KRAUSE, J. (2011), A Deadly Cycle: Ethno-Religious Conflicts in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. Working Paper. Geneva: Geneva Declaration Secretariat. MANU, I.N., W.N. ANDU, D.N. TARLA & W.N. AGHARIH (2014), Socio-Economic Effect of Cattle Theft on the Pastoralists of the North West Region of Cameroon. Scholarly Journal of Agricultural Science 4(6): 299-305. MCGREGOR, A. (2014), Alleged Connection Between Boko Haram and Nigeria’s Fulani Herdsmen Could Spark a Nigerian Civil War. Terrorism Monitor 12(10): 8-10 (16 May). ODOH, S. & C. CHIGOZIE (2012), Climate Change and Conflict in Nigeria: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination of the Worsening Incidence of Conflict between Fulani Herdsmen and Farmers in Northern Nigeria. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review 2(1): 110-124. OFUOKU, A. & B. ISIFE (2009), Causes, Effects and Resolution of Farmers-Nomadic Cattle Herders’ Conflict in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 1(2): 47-54. OKELLO, A.L., A.O. MAJEKODUNMI, A. MALALA, S.C. WELBURN & J. SMITH (2014), Identifying Motivators for State-Pastoralist Dialogue: Exploring the Relationships Between Livestock Services, Self-Organisation and Conflict in Nigeria’s Pastoralist Fulani. Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 4(12): 1-14. OLABODE, A. & L. AJIBADE (2010), Environment Induced Conflict and Sustainable Development: A Case of Fulani-Farmers’ Conflict in Oke-Ero LGAS, Kwara State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12(5): 259-273. SELLEN, D. (1996), Nutritional Status of Sub-Saharan African Pastoralists: A Review of the Literature. Nomadic Peoples 39: 107-134. SHEHU, D. & W. HASSAN (1995), Women in Dairying in the African Savannah: Their Contribution to Agro-Pastoral Household Income in the Dry North-West of Nigeria. Nomadic Peoples 36/37: 53-64. 75
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
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ual killings. As for the link betwe
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in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
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Trends and patterns of fatal road a
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all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
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sarawa State were killed in a multi
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safety measures. Christie argued th
Page 37 and 38:
fatal road accidents because it rec
Page 39 and 40: Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
Page 43 and 44: Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
Page 45 and 46: driving, a situation that frequentl
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
Page 49 and 50: However, the administration of Gove
Page 51 and 52: has been a large increase in the nu
Page 53 and 54: pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
Page 55 and 56: 39 Conclusion This study has examin
Page 57 and 58: Patterns and trend analysis of viol
Page 59 and 60: of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
Page 61 and 62: a need to bring indigenous investor
Page 63 and 64: and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
Page 65 and 66: ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 119 and 120: which have a lethal connection betw
Page 121 and 122: nored. Based on the data, they repr
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
Page 125 and 126: ment’s JTF to engage members of t
Page 127 and 128: ping demonstrates that religious ca
Page 129 and 130: the intervention of the security fo
Page 131 and 132: Although some of the victims are cr
Page 133 and 134: ‘Court Martial’, respectively,
Page 135 and 136: chosen because the database started
Page 137 and 138: an annual average of 59% between Ju
Page 139 and 140: 123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
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than other of its relations, it wou
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tervene more in violent incidents i
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tion of the security forces, notabl
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Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
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ty outfit in the state, the Special
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however, that both the attackers an
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to leverage their ethnic and religi
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CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
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Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
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A survey of violence-related deaths
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Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
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one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Page 169 and 170:
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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