Violence in Nigeria

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110 not consequential to direct conflict between Muslims and Christians or between groups within either of the religions. A total of 332 incidents were identified (Table 5.1), and a few cases are briefly cited here to illustrate what exactly we label as community violence. In August 2006, the followers of a church known as Christian Praying Assembly, whose overseer was popularly known as Reverend King, clashed with a group of youths (Area Boys) in the Ebute-Metta area of Lagos State. Although this was a single incident, community violence can take other forms, however, and also involve other religious actors as well as more casualties. In February 2008, for instance, 60 individuals were reported to have been tortured to death in illegal detention camps described as ‘spiritual rehabilitation centres’, which were run by ‘Islamic clerics’ in Ibadan, Oyo State. A third form of community violence involved a town called Gobi in Adamawa State. It was the scene of two bank robbery attacks leading to the death of seven individuals and carried out by the Islamist group Boko Haram in August 2011. Indeed, while this type of bank raid may be linked to other sinister groups in the state, Boko Haram has attempted to justify such robberies in light of their accusation against Western banks of being owned by ‘big men’ who siphon public funds and charge usury (Pérouse de Montclos 2014). The group has also claimed responsibility for attacks on public spaces such as the Baga fish market, where dozens of innocent people were killed in February 2012 in Borno State. And in spite of a similarity with its style of attacks against Islamic clerics, it often seems that religious motives do not factor into Boko Haram’s targeting of communities and district heads in several parts of Borno State. The sheer increase in the number of violent death incidents in 2013 and 2014 reveals more and more non-religious community targets aimed at by the group, some of the incidents having included the killing of district heads in Dala Alamderi in Maiduguri and Lawanti in Damboa, and the invasion of villages in Gwoza, Konduga, and Bama in Borno State. Conclusion Understanding the true character of Muslim-Christian violent deaths between June 2006 and May 2014 requires knowledge of not only the religious dimension of this linkage; intellectual inquiries must appreciate also the cases of violent deaths inspired by issues connected with ethnicity, crime, land, and politics. We have established in this study that the essence of the violent interaction between Muslims and Christians is not devoid of the non-religious factors highlighted. The statistics presented in this paper have also illustrated that even in cases where religious issues underlie causes of violent deaths, the associated incidents can also reflect the involvement of non-religious actors. Furthermore, our map-
ping demonstrates that religious causes of violent deaths can in fact manifest between groups belonging to the same religious faith. Within the context of geography, this paper finds that beyond any other region of Nigeria, the northern part embodies a preponderance of the violent interaction between Muslims and Christians. Finally, beyond local dynamics, global media perspectives consistently frame violence in Nigeria as largely religious and between Muslims and Christians, rather than adopting a more nuanced approach that enables a balanced interpretation of events. 111 References CHOUIN, G., M. REINERT & E. APARD (2014), Body Count and Religion in the Boko Haram Crisis: Evidence from the Nigeria Watch Database. In: M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos, ed., Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria. Leiden: African Studies Centre, pp. 213-236. ELLIS, S. & G. TER HAAR (2007), Religion and Politics: Taking African Epistemologies Seriously. Journal of Modern African Studies 45(3): 385-401. FALOLA, T. (1998), Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies. New York: University of Rochester Press. HUNTINGTON, S. (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster. KUKAH, M.H. (1993), Religion, Politics and Power in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited. LEAHY, E., R. ENGELMAN, C. GIBB VOGEL, S. HADDOCK & T. PRESTON (2007), The Shape of Things To Come: Why Age Structure Matters to a Safer, More Equitable World. Population Action International. OSTIEN, P. (2009), Jonah Jang and the Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria. Muslim-Christian Relations in Africa, 18-21. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1456372. Accessed 18 August 2015. PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS, M.-A. (2014), Boko Haram and Politics: Insurgency to Terrorism. In: M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos, ed., Boko Haram: Islamism, Politics, Security and the State in Nigeria, Leiden: African Studies Centre, pp. 135-157.
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
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ual killings. As for the link betwe
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in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
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Trends and patterns of fatal road a
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all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
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sarawa State were killed in a multi
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safety measures. Christie argued th
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fatal road accidents because it rec
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Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
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Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
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Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
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driving, a situation that frequentl
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Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
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However, the administration of Gove
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has been a large increase in the nu
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pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
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39 Conclusion This study has examin
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Patterns and trend analysis of viol
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of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
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a need to bring indigenous investor
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and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
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ating consistent numerical data tha
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due to oil distribution. Again, of
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53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
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Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
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Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 119 and 120: which have a lethal connection betw
Page 121 and 122: nored. Based on the data, they repr
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
Page 125: ment’s JTF to engage members of t
Page 129 and 130: the intervention of the security fo
Page 131 and 132: Although some of the victims are cr
Page 133 and 134: ‘Court Martial’, respectively,
Page 135 and 136: chosen because the database started
Page 137 and 138: an annual average of 59% between Ju
Page 139 and 140: 123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
Page 141 and 142: than other of its relations, it wou
Page 143 and 144: tervene more in violent incidents i
Page 145 and 146: tion of the security forces, notabl
Page 147 and 148: Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
Page 149 and 150: ty outfit in the state, the Special
Page 151 and 152: however, that both the attackers an
Page 153 and 154: to leverage their ethnic and religi
Page 155 and 156: CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
Page 157 and 158: Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
Page 159 and 160: A survey of violence-related deaths
Page 161 and 162: Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
Page 163 and 164: one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
Page 171 and 172: Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
Page 175 and 176: Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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