Violence in Nigeria

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40 http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1998/02/2787020/road-safety-africa-appraisalroad-safety-initiatives-five-african-countries. Accessed 18 August 2015. CHEN, G. (2010), Road Traffic Safety in African Countries: Status, Trend, Contributing Factors, Counter Measures and Challenges, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 17(4): 247-255. CHRISTIE, N. (1995), Social, Economic and Environmental Factors in Child Pedestrian Accidents: A Research Review. Transport Research Laboratory, Project Report 116. EKE, N., E.N. ETEBU & S.O. NWOSU (2000), Road Traffic Accident Mortalities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Anil Aggrawal’s Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology 1(2). FEDERAL MINISTRY OF INFORMATION (2013), Road Accident Report. FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY COMMISSION (2010), Research Monograph No. 2, Road Mirror. FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY CORPS (FRSC) (2007), An Article on the FRSC Establishment Act. www.frsc.gov.ng. FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY CORPS (FRSC) (2010), Report on Road Traffic Crashes (RTC) Involving Buses on Nigerian Roads (2007-2010). HANCOCK, P.A., M. LESCH & L. SIMMONS (2003), The Distraction Effects of Phone Use During a Crucial Driving Maneuver. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35: 501-514 INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRAFFIC AND ACCIDENT DATABASE (IRTAD) (2007), Road User Fatalities. Paris: Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). JACOBS, G. & A. AERON-THOMAS (2000), Africa Road Safety Review Final Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. LAGARDE, E. (2007), Road Traffic Injury is an Escalating Burden in Africa and Deserves Proportionate Research Efforts. PLOS Medicine 4(6): 967-971. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (2009), Annual Abstract Of Statistics. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (2010), The Review of the Nigerian Economy. OGUNSANYA, A.A. (1993), Directions in Urban Transport Studies in Nigeria. In: S.G. Ikya, ed., Urban Passenger Transportation in Nigeria. Nigeria: Heinemann Educational Books. PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS, M.-A. (2014), Nigeria Watch: Fourth Report on Violence in Nigeria (2006-2014). Institut français de géopolitique, Université Paris. PRATTE, D. (1998), Road to Ruin: Road Traffic Accident in the Developing World, NEXUS 13: 46-62. RODRIGURE, J. (2009), The Geography of Transport Systems. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge. SMART, D., S. VASSALLO, A. SANSON, S. COCKFIELD, A. HARRIS, W. HARRISON & A. MCIN- TYRE (2005), I: The Driver’s Seat: Understanding Young Adults’ Driving Behaviour. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. SUMAILA, ABDULGANIYU FEMI (2013), Road Crashes Trends and Safety Management in Nigeria. Department of Transport Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna. WHO (2004), World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO (2011), Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020), Global Launch. http://www.who.int/entity/roadsafety/publications/global_launch.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 18 August 2015.
Patterns and trend analysis of violence in oil production and oil distribution in Nigeria (2006-2014) 2 Adeola Adams Abstract Most studies on oil-related violence in Nigeria have unwittingly concentrated research efforts on oil production in the Niger Delta region. An attempt is made in this paper to demonstrate that oil distribution contributes more to fatality in Nigeria than oil production. Using the Nigeria Watch database as the primary source of data, the paper asserts that although the aggregate death figures attributed to the oil sector are lower than cases like road accidents, crime, and politically-cum-religiously motivated killings, the number of violent deaths recorded between June 2006 and May 2014 in relation to oil distribution is triple the number related to oil production. While oil distribution accounted for 4,575 deaths, oil production events led to 1,550 deaths; therefore, oil distribution has a far more lethal impact on the country than oil distribution. Apart from Kebbi and Zamfara, all the states of the Nigerian Federation have witnessed at least one fatal incidence from oil distribution, whereas oil production cases occur mainly in Anambra, Rivers, Delta, Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, and Imo. The reasons are not difficult to understand: oil production is restricted to a few states in the Niger Delta area, while oil distribution activities cover the whole nation. Moreover, oil production deals essentially with crude oil, which is less flammable than the highly inflammable refined products involved in oil distribution. In addition, oil distribution has a strong link with road accidents, which are rated as one of the main contributors to fatalities in Nigeria. In the final analysis, to understand the pattern and dynamics of fatalities in the oil sector, more research efforts need to be devoted to oil distribution. Introduction On 26 December 2006, a pipeline explosion at Abule-Egba in Agege LGA in Lagos claimed the lives of more than 600 persons. In a related development, a series of deadly clashes between the Joint Task Force (JTF) and militants in War-
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
Page 5 and 6: African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
Page 7 and 8: Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
Page 9 and 10: List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
Page 11 and 12: List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
Page 13 and 14: NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
Page 15 and 16: Foreword The challenge of managing
Page 17 and 18: Introduction: Arguments for a quali
Page 19 and 20: customed to poor numbers shaping ho
Page 21 and 22: arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
Page 23 and 24: ual killings. As for the link betwe
Page 25: in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
Page 29 and 30: Trends and patterns of fatal road a
Page 31 and 32: all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
Page 33 and 34: sarawa State were killed in a multi
Page 35 and 36: safety measures. Christie argued th
Page 37 and 38: fatal road accidents because it rec
Page 39 and 40: Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
Page 43 and 44: Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
Page 45 and 46: driving, a situation that frequentl
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
Page 49 and 50: However, the administration of Gove
Page 51 and 52: has been a large increase in the nu
Page 53 and 54: pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
Page 55: 39 Conclusion This study has examin
Page 59 and 60: of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
Page 61 and 62: a need to bring indigenous investor
Page 63 and 64: and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
Page 65 and 66: ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
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Muslims, Christians and religious V
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From this point, the third part of
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several incidences of violence inst
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violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
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against the security forces and civ
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Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
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which have a lethal connection betw
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nored. Based on the data, they repr
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Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
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ment’s JTF to engage members of t
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ping demonstrates that religious ca
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the intervention of the security fo
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Although some of the victims are cr
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‘Court Martial’, respectively,
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chosen because the database started
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an annual average of 59% between Ju
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123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
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than other of its relations, it wou
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tervene more in violent incidents i
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tion of the security forces, notabl
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Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
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ty outfit in the state, the Special
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however, that both the attackers an
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to leverage their ethnic and religi
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CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
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Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
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A survey of violence-related deaths
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Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
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one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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