Violence in Nigeria

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58 the sixth-highest cause of lethal violence in Nigeria. However, oil-related violence has been rather brutal in terms of intensity and national spread. An important fact is that oil distribution activities have a strong link with road accidents. Most fatal accidents on the highways are indeed connected to the movement of petroleum products to different parts of the country. The point was made earlier in this paper that the demand for PMS impacts on the number of violent deaths that are likely to occur in a particular location. Hence, locations such as Lagos, Delta, and Rivers states have always had high fatality cases because of the concentration of industries in these states. Secondly, from the analyses presented above, oil production and oil distribution differ with respect to their contribution to lethal violence across the country. Oil distribution is far more violent than oil production. This can be explained in a number of ways. In the first instance, the activities that involve oil distribution are nationwide, while oil production operations are restricted to the Niger Delta region, with a few cases in Kogi State because of its border problems with Anambra State. The impact of oil distribution on violence is therefore more widespread geographically. In fact, the only states that did not have incidents of oil distribution violence since 2006 are Kebbi and Zamfara (Figure 2.3). By contrast, oil production violence took place only in states such as Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Anambra, Imo, and Kogi. Other factors that make oil distribution a more deadly operation than oil production are worth mentioning. The point was previously made that oil distribution is closely tied to road accidents, which are one of the main causes of fatalities in Nigeria. The dilapidated state of the roads, poor maintenance of tankers, and rampant reckless driving have made the movement of petroleum products to the various parts of the country dangerous undertakings. This point is germane considering the current comatose state of the Nigerian rail system and, of course, the fact that pipelines have become major targets for destruction by vandals and those creating oil bunkers. In addition, the poorly maintained status of most heavy vehicles (i.e. trailers being used to convey these products) makes oil distribution activities more prone to fatal incidents. Since petroleum products are highly inflammable, they easily cause lethal fire explosions whenever accidents involving petrol tankers occur. Taiwo (2013) listed mechanical, environmental, institutional, natural, and supernatural factors as responsible for road accidents on the highways (see also Bum 2012). All these variables come into play whenever petroleum products are distributed to different parts of the country.
Conclusion 59 It is important to stress at this concluding stage that the multifarious violence that constantly besets the oil industry is not the main source of fatalities in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the impact of the oil industry is far from insignificant, and it also varies with respect to scope and intensity according to which aspect of the industry we consider. One of the issues raised in this paper is the fact that oil distribution is considerably more deadly than oil production. The analyses also show that fatalities due to oil production are concentrated in the Niger Delta region, while those due to oil distribution are a nationwide affair. There is also a marked discrepancy in both absolute and relative numbers of deaths for oil distribution and oil production. All these are pointers to the complex contribution of oil distribution to the violent incidences that frequently beset the oil industry. This paper advocates further empirical studies in order to gain more insights into the dynamics of oil distribution and production in Nigeria. References AGBU, O. (2004), Constitutionalism and Minorities’ Rights Struggles in Nigeria: Implication for the Nation-State. Amani Journal of African Peace 1(1): 35-57. AKPABIO, E.M. & N.S. AKPAN (2010), Governance and Oil Politics in Nigeria’s Niger Delta: The Question of Distributive Equity. Journal of Human Ecology 30(2): 111-121. BUM, E. (2012), Road Traffic Accidents in Nigeria: A Public Health Problem. AFRIMEDC Journal 3(2) (July-December). EDOREH, A. (1997), Future of Nigerian Petroleum Industry. Lagos: Academy Press. EHINOME, C. & A. ADELEKE (2012), An Assessment of the Distribution of Petroleum Products in Nigeria. Journal of Business Management and Economics 3(6): 232-241. EKE, M.N. & S.O. ENIBE (2007), Optimal Scheduling of Petroleum Product Distribution in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology 26: 1 (March). FALOLA, T. (2009), Colonialism and Violence in Nigeria. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. GALTUNG, J. (1969), Violence, Peace and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research 6: 167- 191. GUICHAOUA, Y. (2009), Oil and Political Violence in Nigeria. In: J. Lesourne & W.C. Ramsay, eds, Governance of Oil in Africa: Unfinished Business. Paris: IFRI. IKELEGBE, A. (2005), Multinational Corporate Governance, the Emergent Political Economy of Oil and Communal Cohesion in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria, being a final research report submitted to IFRA, Ibadan. IKPORUKPO, C.O. (2002), In the Name of Oil: The Nigerian Civil War and the Niger Delta. In: E. E. Osaghae, E. Onwudiwe & R. Suberu, eds, The Nigerian Civil War and Its Aftermath. Ibadan: PEFS. KARL, L.T. (1997), The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
Page 23 and 24: ual killings. As for the link betwe
Page 25: in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
Page 29 and 30: Trends and patterns of fatal road a
Page 31 and 32: all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
Page 33 and 34: sarawa State were killed in a multi
Page 35 and 36: safety measures. Christie argued th
Page 37 and 38: fatal road accidents because it rec
Page 39 and 40: Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
Page 43 and 44: Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
Page 45 and 46: driving, a situation that frequentl
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
Page 49 and 50: However, the administration of Gove
Page 51 and 52: has been a large increase in the nu
Page 53 and 54: pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
Page 55 and 56: 39 Conclusion This study has examin
Page 57 and 58: Patterns and trend analysis of viol
Page 59 and 60: of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
Page 61 and 62: a need to bring indigenous investor
Page 63 and 64: and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
Page 65 and 66: ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 119 and 120: which have a lethal connection betw
Page 121 and 122: nored. Based on the data, they repr
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
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ment’s JTF to engage members of t
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ping demonstrates that religious ca
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the intervention of the security fo
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Although some of the victims are cr
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‘Court Martial’, respectively,
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chosen because the database started
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an annual average of 59% between Ju
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123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
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than other of its relations, it wou
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tervene more in violent incidents i
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tion of the security forces, notabl
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Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
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ty outfit in the state, the Special
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however, that both the attackers an
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to leverage their ethnic and religi
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CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
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Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
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A survey of violence-related deaths
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Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
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one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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