Violence in Nigeria

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14 A study carried out by Chen thus show that the fatality rate in African countries ranges from 10-fold to more than 100-fold that in the United States. 3 Also, Lagarde reported that Africa has an average rate of 28.3 per 100,000 populationroad traffic mortality compared with 11 in Europe. 4 Sub-Saharan African Transport Policy, in its report, quoted an increase of road fatalities in Africa by 350% between 1990 and 1998. 5 Most of those affected by fatal car accidents are young people. One may wonder why a less motorized Africa has such a high record of fatal road accidents. Concerns about the rising incidence of fatal road accidents propelled stakeholders, including the United Nations (UN) Assembly, into seeking means to curb road fatalities. On 11 May 2011, the UN adopted the period 2011–2020 as the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety, during which all efforts will concentrate on stabilizing and then reducing global road traffic fatalities by 2020. According to the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-Moon, lives will be saved through this decade of action. 6 Following the declaration by the UN in 2011, the Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) in Nigeria set out to adopt and domesticate the UN action plan by developing a number of programmes suitable for every road user in the country. Despite integrated efforts towards reducing fatal road accidents, Nigeria still remains one of the worst-hit countries. With a human population of approximately 167 million, a high level of vehicular population estimated at over 7.6 million, and a total road length of about 194,000 km (comprising 34,120 km of Federal, 30,500 km of state, and 129,580 km of local roads), 7 the country has suffered severe losses to fatal car accidents. Its population density varies in rural (51.7%) and urban areas (48.3%), and this translates into a population–road ratio of 860 persons per sq km, indicating intense traffic pressure on the available road network. 8 Undoubtedly, this immense pressure contributes to the high number of road traffic accidents in the country (FRSC 2012). Nigeria is ranked second-highest in the rate of road accidents among 193 countries of the world. 9 Oladepo and Brieger (1986) argued that three-quarters of 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chen, G. (2010), Road Traffic Safety in African Countries – Status, Trend, Contributing Factors, Counter Measures and Challenges, International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 17(4): 247-255. Lagarde, E. (2007), Road Traffic Injury Is an Escalating Burden in Africa and Deserves Proportionate Research Efforts, PLoS Medicine 4(6): 967-71 Ibid. A speech at the launch of the event, UN Secretary General by Ban Ki-Moon on May 11, 2011 during the United Nations Assembly. Sumaila, AbdulGaniyu Femi, 2013. Road Crashes Trends and Safety Management in Nigeria, Department of Transport Management Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna. Ibid. Agbonkhese, O., G.L. Yisa, E.G. Agbonkhese, D.O. Akanbi, E.O. Aka & E.B. Mondigha (2013), Road Traffic Accidents in Nigeria: Causes and Preventive Measures. Civil and Environmental Research, ISSN 2224-5790 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online), Vol. 3, No. 13.
all accidents on Nigerian roads involve fatalities. 10 Aside from the Boko Haram crisis, accidents are currently by far the main cause of violent death in Nigeria. 11 The WHO adjudged Nigeria the most dangerous country in Africa with 33.7 deaths per 100,000 population every year. 12 According to their report, one in every four road accident deaths in Africa occurs in Nigeria. The WHO survey and the FRSC report of 5,693 fatal road accidents in 2009 13 leave no doubt about the dangerous situation on Nigerian roads. The causes of fatal car accidents in Nigeria have been categorized into human, mechanical, and environmental factors. According to Umar, the human factor accounts for up to 90% of accidents, while the mechanical and environmental factors contribute the other 10%. 14 Human factors include visual acuteness, driver fatigue, poor knowledge of road signs and regulations, illiteracy, health problems, excessive speeding, drug abuse, and over-confidence while at the steering wheel. Among the mechanical factors that lead to fatal car accidents are poor vehicle maintenance, tyre blowouts, poor lights, un-roadworthy vehicles, and broken-down vehicles without adequate warning to others on the road. The environmental factors include heavy rainfall, Harmattan winds, sun reflection, heavy wind, pot-holes, and untarred roads. These factors have independently and/or collectively contributed to the high rate of fatal road accidents in Nigeria. The repercussions of such accidents have been colossal. Despite the happiness and change of quality of family lives associated with owning a vehicle, its possession has left many families bereft of their breadwinners or loved ones. 15 According to Adekunle, the socio-economic costs of road traffic accidents in Nigeria are immense, and the direct costs of traffic casualties can perhaps be understood best in terms of the labour lost to the nation’s economy. 16 This was further developed by Pratte, who argued that persons injured in accidents on Nigerian highways and streets no longer participate in the economic mainstream, and this amounts to a loss of labour of millions of person-years to the nation. 17 In February 1988, the Federal Government established the FRSC through Decree No. 45 (1988) to reduce road mishaps. This was later amended by Decree 35 (1992) and is referred to in the statute books as the FRSC ACT cap 141, Laws of 15 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Oladepo, O. & R. Brieger (2006), Road Traffic Accidents: Applying the Brake to a Killing Tree. Pérouse de Montclos, M.-A., Nigeria Watch: Fourth Report on Violence in Nigeria (2006–2014). WHO 2013 Report on Accidents in Africa. FRSC (2009). Traffic Digest, A Transport Digest Publication of PRS Department. Ibid. Dr. Murtala Muhammad Umar, Road Transport Accidents: Causes, Effects and Prevention, General Hospital Zurmi, Zamfara State. Adekunle, J.A. (2010), Road Traffic Accident Deaths and Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria. Int. Rev. Bus. Soc. Sci. 1(5): 47-60. Pratte, D. (1998), Road to Ruin: Road Traffic Accident in the Developing World, NEXUS 13: 46-62.
Page 1: Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
Page 5 and 6: African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
Page 7 and 8: Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
Page 9 and 10: List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
Page 11 and 12: List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
Page 13 and 14: NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
Page 15 and 16: Foreword The challenge of managing
Page 17 and 18: Introduction: Arguments for a quali
Page 19 and 20: customed to poor numbers shaping ho
Page 21 and 22: arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
Page 23 and 24: ual killings. As for the link betwe
Page 25: in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
Page 29: Trends and patterns of fatal road a
Page 33 and 34: sarawa State were killed in a multi
Page 35 and 36: safety measures. Christie argued th
Page 37 and 38: fatal road accidents because it rec
Page 39 and 40: Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
Page 41 and 42: Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
Page 43 and 44: Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
Page 45 and 46: driving, a situation that frequentl
Page 47 and 48: Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
Page 49 and 50: However, the administration of Gove
Page 51 and 52: has been a large increase in the nu
Page 53 and 54: pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
Page 55 and 56: 39 Conclusion This study has examin
Page 57 and 58: Patterns and trend analysis of viol
Page 59 and 60: of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
Page 61 and 62: a need to bring indigenous investor
Page 63 and 64: and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
Page 65 and 66: ating consistent numerical data tha
Page 67 and 68: due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82:
of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84:
Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
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cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88:
Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
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Cattle grazing and lethal violence
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BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94:
Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96:
Political context of witchcraft and
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anyone successful in business or ed
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83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
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Okechuku had told the Police that t
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The situation in these areas is act
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Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
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Muslims, Christians and religious V
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From this point, the third part of
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several incidences of violence inst
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violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
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against the security forces and civ
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Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
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which have a lethal connection betw
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nored. Based on the data, they repr
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Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
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ment’s JTF to engage members of t
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ping demonstrates that religious ca
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the intervention of the security fo
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Although some of the victims are cr
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‘Court Martial’, respectively,
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chosen because the database started
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an annual average of 59% between Ju
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123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
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than other of its relations, it wou
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tervene more in violent incidents i
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tion of the security forces, notabl
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Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
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ty outfit in the state, the Special
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however, that both the attackers an
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to leverage their ethnic and religi
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CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
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Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
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A survey of violence-related deaths
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Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
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one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
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Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Page 175 and 176:
Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
Page 233:
Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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