Violence in Nigeria

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104 The geographical locations of the majority of these incidents include Niger, Kaduna, Yobe, and Borno states, all of which are in the northern region of the country. Regarding the first form of violent encounter, instances include the bomb attacks on churches, notably Saint Theresa’s Catholic Church in Madalla, Niger State on 25 December 2011. Other events include the attack on Saint Rita’s Catholic Church, Kaduna State in October 2012, as well as numerous attacks on other church denominations in Borno State. Among several cases of assassinations, three clerical leaders affected were Reverend David Usman of the Church of Christ in Nigeria (COCIN), Reverend Ilaisha Kabura of the same COCIN, and Reverend Bulus Marwa of Victory Baptist Church. Table 5.2 provides further insight into the trend of Islamist-motivated (mostly Boko Haram) attacks on Christian clerics between June 2006 and May 2014. Finally, in regard to reprisal attacks by Christians, a typical case transpired in June 2012 in Kaduna State when scores of Muslims were killed by Christians following suicide bomb attacks on churches a few days earlier in the state. Table 5.2 Violent deaths of Christian clerics due to Islamist (mainly Boko Haram)- related attacks (June 2006-May 2014) Name of Christian Location of Month of Church affiliation cleric/leader death/state death/year Good News of Christ Church International Maiduguri, Borno Reverend George Orji July 2009 State Reverend Sylvester Akpan Reverend Sabo Yakubu Reverend Bulus Marwa Pastor Michael Madugu Reverend David Usman Reverend Ilaisha Kabura Reverend Yohanna Agom National Evangelical Mission Church of Christ in Nigeria Victory Baptist Church Deeper Life Bible Church Church of Christ in Nigeria Church of Christ in Nigeria Maiduguri, Borno State Maiduguri, Borno State Maiduguri, Borno State Maiduguri, Borno State Maiduguri, Borno State Maiduguri, Borno State July 2009 July 2009 Dec 2010 Jan 2011 June 2011 Nov 2012 Saint Joseph’s Anglican Church Nangere, Yobe State Sept 2013 Islamic group versus Christian group (non-religious issues) With 42 incidents between June 2006 and May 2014, the details under this rubric attest to violent death dynamics typified by non-religious causes involving Muslims and Christians in Nigeria. Although the non-religious causes may appear insubstantial in terms of recurrence rates, their importance can still not be ig-
nored. Based on the data, they represent violent deaths connected with issues such as election to political office. The years 2008, 2010, and 2011 stand out in relation to these non-religious causes and, to various extents, states such as Plateau, Kaduna, Kano, and Bauchi bear witness to this. In Plateau State, for instance, November 2008 was a critical period for local government elections in Jos North, where a tense political struggle for power pitched the People’s Democratic Party (PDP) against the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP). In Jos North, voters were polarized because the PDP was made up of mostly Christian supporters and the ANPP largely comprised the Jasawa, who are mainly Muslims of Hausa/Fulani ethnic make-up. Only to this extent did this combination create an entry point for religion in the local government election crisis, because the crisis which led to a reported 350 to 500 deaths (some estimates are higher) in just two days was essentially political in nature. In fact, in the account rendered by Philip Ostien (2009), he explained that although religious difference adds fuel to the fire when things go wrong, it remains a secondary factor. Ostien thus emphasized that the underlying problem stems from the alleged rights of indigenes (meaning roughly ‘earliest extant occupiers’) to control particular locations, as opposed to the rights of ‘settlers’ or ‘strangers’ (or more generally ‘nonindigenes’), defined as everybody who came later. The violent fallout from election results recurred in April 2011. However, this time, clashes between Muslims and Christians were due to presidential elections in which the main opposition candidates, Muhammadu Buhari, a northern Muslim from the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), lost to the incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan, a Christian from the Niger Delta in the South, who was the candidate for the ruling PDP. As with the previous crisis, the violence that ensued divided opposing parties and their supporters along ethnic and religious lines. However, the underlying cause was largely political and more widespread because violent deaths involved Muslims and Christians in places such as Zangon-Kataf and Kachia in Kaduna State, Alkaleri and Itas/Gadau in Bauchi State, and Kano Municipal in Kano State. 105 Islamic group versus Islamic group (religious issues) Our mapping study will not be complete without delving into the dimension of the violent interplay between and among Islamic groups. With a total of 60 incidents of intra-Islamic violent deaths, it is vital to consider the character of these events. They are divided into two broad categories: violent deaths due to clashes between Sufi brotherhoods such as the Tijaniyya and groups such as the Yan Izala; and, in the second case, violent deaths due to clashes involving either of these Islamic brotherhoods (and sects) and Boko Haram. The incidents involved in both categories are underpinned by religious issues and usually stem from dif-
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Violence in Nigeria A qualitative a
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African Studies Centre (ASC) Instit
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Contents LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST O
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List of figures 1.1 FRSC and Nigeri
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List of tables 1.1 Severity index o
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NDV Niger Delta Vigilante NHRC Nati
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Foreword The challenge of managing
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Introduction: Arguments for a quali
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customed to poor numbers shaping ho
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arrested and disappeared. As for Bo
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ual killings. As for the link betwe
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in 104 deaths between 2006 and 2014
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Trends and patterns of fatal road a
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all accidents on Nigerian roads inv
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sarawa State were killed in a multi
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safety measures. Christie argued th
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fatal road accidents because it rec
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Map 1.1 Fatalities caused by road a
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Figure 1.3 Vehicle types and road a
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Monthly analysis of fatal road acci
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driving, a situation that frequentl
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Table 1.3 Yearly breakdown of road
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However, the administration of Gove
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has been a large increase in the nu
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pecially along the Lagos-Sagamu-Iba
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39 Conclusion This study has examin
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Patterns and trend analysis of viol
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of Nigeria on the country’s dilap
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a need to bring indigenous investor
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and the population (Oputa Panel Rep
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ating consistent numerical data tha
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due to oil distribution. Again, of
Page 69 and 70: 53 Map 2.2 Fatality rates resulting
Page 71 and 72: Figure 2.5 Number of deaths resulti
Page 73 and 74: Map 2.4 Fatality rates resulting fr
Page 75 and 76: Conclusion 59 It is important to st
Page 77 and 78: Trends and patterns of cattle grazi
Page 79 and 80: the location of the occurrence of i
Page 81 and 82: of the lands being equipped with bo
Page 83 and 84: Jigawa), July (Jigawa and Benue), S
Page 85 and 86: cattle to graze in violation of the
Page 87 and 88: Map 8. Fatality rates caused by cat
Page 89 and 90: Cattle grazing and lethal violence
Page 91 and 92: BLENCH, R. (2010), Conflict Between
Page 93 and 94: Trends and patterns of fatalities r
Page 95 and 96: Political context of witchcraft and
Page 97 and 98: anyone successful in business or ed
Page 99 and 100: 83 Figure 4.1 Number of violent dea
Page 101 and 102: Okechuku had told the Police that t
Page 103 and 104: The situation in these areas is act
Page 105 and 106: Conclusion 89 Although the media ha
Page 107 and 108: Muslims, Christians and religious V
Page 109 and 110: From this point, the third part of
Page 111 and 112: several incidences of violence inst
Page 113 and 114: violent deaths (Figure 5.2) with th
Page 115 and 116: against the security forces and civ
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.3 Violent deaths involving
Page 119: which have a lethal connection betw
Page 123 and 124: Table 5.3 Violent deaths of Islamic
Page 125 and 126: ment’s JTF to engage members of t
Page 127 and 128: ping demonstrates that religious ca
Page 129 and 130: the intervention of the security fo
Page 131 and 132: Although some of the victims are cr
Page 133 and 134: ‘Court Martial’, respectively,
Page 135 and 136: chosen because the database started
Page 137 and 138: an annual average of 59% between Ju
Page 139 and 140: 123 Figure 6.2 Number of violent de
Page 141 and 142: than other of its relations, it wou
Page 143 and 144: tervene more in violent incidents i
Page 145 and 146: tion of the security forces, notabl
Page 147 and 148: Farah Dagogo, a factional leader of
Page 149 and 150: ty outfit in the state, the Special
Page 151 and 152: however, that both the attackers an
Page 153 and 154: to leverage their ethnic and religi
Page 155 and 156: CRIMINAL CODE ACT (1990), Laws of t
Page 157 and 158: Part II Fieldwork and surveys: A qu
Page 159 and 160: A survey of violence-related deaths
Page 161 and 162: Figure 7.1 Percentage of violent de
Page 163 and 164: one. The LGA is included in Enugu E
Page 165 and 166: Table 7.2 Violent events recorded i
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Table 7.3 Demographic characteristi
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Table 7.4 Violent events recorded i
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Figure 7.4 Percentage of causes of
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A Survey of violence-related deaths
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Politically, the LGA is divided int
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This has been a source of problems
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eferred to as ‘gatekeeping’, an
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169 Data analysis and presentation
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Summary of findings As noted earlie
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Table 8.2 Violence types and fatali
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News judgment Reporters, who are th
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cated in Ido-Osun, which were still
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A study of violence-related deaths
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flicts. While most of these fatal i
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tion, as well as poultry farming, c
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Table 9.2 Violent deaths in Kurfi L
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Matazu LGA: Socio-economic, politic
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Table 9.5 Violent deaths in Ingawa
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Ineffective news media coverage as
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State. Until they founded their res
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A study of violence-related deaths
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Gudu, Gwadabawa, Illela and Sakaba:
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market their harvests outside Sakab
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.2 Violent incidents in Gud
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Table 10.3 Violent incidents in Gwa
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Compared with Gudu, Gwadabawa LGA e
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Table 10.4 Violent incidents in Ill
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frequency of incidents, the princip
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er, certain parts of Sakaba are kno
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Postscript: The next challenge: Sta
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