Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa

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Kin Bay and Shiraho 149 mainland Japan through the promotion of industrialization, local residents’ movements did not result in the formation of a big wave of Okinawa-wide protest. Together with the ‘constitutionalist’ anti-war landowners and the progressive coalition, the ‘localist’ residents’ movements laid the foundations for a new collective identity for the ‘Okinawan’ movement – one involving many local identities and wider sectors of the population. ‘Okinawa’ was becoming internally splintered, divided, and chaotic, but still represented a unitary community of protest.
9 The third wave and beyond Introduction The power of Unai and the dugongs This book will end its argument where it began: the 1995 rape case. As it has been told and retold in Okinawa, so can we retell it here. On 4 September 1995, in a base town near US Marine Division of Camp Hansen in northern Okinawa, a 12-year-old schoolgirl on her way home from shopping was abducted, raped, and beaten severely at a nearby beach by three American soldiers. This heinous crime ended the long ‘low’ cycle of protest in Okinawa. It was a small number of Okinawan women who first expressed the outrage of ‘Okinawans’ at the forefront, and created the momentum for the ‘third wave’. On 21 October an estimated 85,000 citizens gathered in Ginowan Marine Park to join the Okinawa Prefecture Citizens’ Mass Rally. A local newspaper Okinawa Times reported: ‘This is the biggest opportunity ever to speak up for ourselves’, said the body language of the participants at the 21 October Rally . . . Since the All-Island Struggle in 1955–6 and the reversion movement in the 1960s, we are standing at the third turning point of Okinawan postwar history. (22 October 1995) The groundswell of locals’ opposition to the US military presence resulted in a temporary crisis for the US–Japan security alliance, and led to both governments’ decision to close the US Marine Corps Air Station in Futenma. Thus a cruel incident initiated a series of anti-base protests for years to follow – the third ‘wave’ of allisland mass protest in postwar Okinawa. The third wave has now subsided as an island-wide protest but it is after a decade too soon to declare its end. This chapter examines two major dimensions of the third ‘wave’. First, it focuses on diversification, that is, the expanding scope of strategies and organizational structure in the community of protest. In particular, this chapter argues that the greater profile of, specifically, women has significantly contributed to the change in the internal dynamics in the community of protest. In terms of public debate on gender issues in Okinawan society, the sudden spotlight on these women made only limited difference. It nevertheless profoundly challenged certain organizational hierarchy and methodological rigidity in the community of protest, opening up spaces for
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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Japan’s Economic Power and Securi
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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For Peter Makiko and Jun Tanji
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Maps and figures Maps A Ryūkyū Is
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xii Acknowledgements and Asian Hist
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Glossary Ampo US-Japan Mutual Secur
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Kume Okinawa Gunto - Oblique Mercat
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1 Northern Training Area 2 Okuma Re
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1 Introduction A community of prote
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Introduction 3 change, disagreement
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Introduction 5 protest community te
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Introduction 7 common, invisible el
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Introduction 9 protests and uprisin
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2 Diversity and unity in the commun
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Diversity and unity 13 industrial s
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Diversity and unity 15 RMT can argu
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Diversity and unity 17 But how, if
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everywhere but most often it ‘pre
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3 Annexation and assimilation Intro
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Annexation and assimilation 23 nine
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economy. Indeed, Japan turned on it
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Annexation and assimilation 27 124)
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Annexation and assimilation 29 Okin
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Annexation and assimilation 31 Jaha
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Annexation and assimilation 33 fund
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Annexation and assimilation 35 fiss
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In relation to the wider theme of t
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The Battle of Okinawa 39 told the r
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a 17,900-square-metres space with 1
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The Battle of Okinawa 43 staged a c
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The Battle of Okinawa 45 In 1983, C
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The Battle of Okinawa 47 anti-war a
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The Battle of Okinawa 49 included d
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alterations and the way in which th
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5 The first wave Opposition to US m
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The first wave 55 military basicall
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The first wave 57 Another major loc
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The first wave 59 much money do the
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The first wave 61 members’ speech
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The first wave 63 of twenty years.
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The first wave 65 GRI Chief Executi
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N Barbed wire fence 0 1 km The firs
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The first wave 69 Figure 5.1 Beggar
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chan incident’ after the name of
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The first wave 73 Price-Report rall
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1955 (Ahagon 1998 [1992]: 32). 44 T
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6 The second wave Introduction Towa
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The second wave 79 improved materia
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ested with the High Commissioner (R
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The second wave 83 the arbitrary US
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The second wave 85 Kenrōkyō. The
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The second wave 87 affirmation of u
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Figure 6.2 Okinawan citizens’ ral
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The second wave 91 The primary inte
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introducing the mainland Japanese e
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The second wave 95 to reconsider re
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The second wave 97 meant to be ‘O
Page 120 and 121: The second wave 99 clear that Okina
Page 122 and 123: The second wave 101 The choice the
Page 124 and 125: The second wave 103 war zone (Ryūk
Page 126 and 127: Gendered bodies and physical identi
Page 128 and 129: wave’ of Okinawans’ island-wide
Page 130 and 131: Iken Kyōtō: successor to the Coun
Page 132 and 133: The anti-war landowners 111 reversi
Page 134 and 135: - an original member of the One-tsu
Page 136 and 137: The anti-war landowners 115 been en
Page 138 and 139: The anti-war landowners 117 Butai K
Page 140 and 141: The anti-war landowners 119 Air Bas
Page 142 and 143: The anti-war landowners 121 refusal
Page 144 and 145: The anti-war landowners 123 Marxist
Page 146 and 147: fear of delaying Okinawa’s revers
Page 148 and 149: 8 Kin Bay and Shiraho Introduction
Page 150 and 151: 124ºE 24º30’N 0 20 km N ISHIGAK
Page 152 and 153: Kin Bay and Shiraho 131 one of the
Page 154 and 155: Kin Bay and Shiraho 133 In Ishigaki
Page 156 and 157: Kin Bay and Shiraho 135 We have see
Page 158 and 159: Kin Bay and Shiraho 137 parties wer
Page 160 and 161: Kin Bay and Shiraho 139 Figure 8.1
Page 162 and 163: Kin Bay and Shiraho 141 Konwa-kai).
Page 164 and 165: Kin Bay and Shiraho 143 required in
Page 166 and 167: Kin Bay and Shiraho 145 communicati
Page 168 and 169: thinks that the Shiraho struggle ag
Page 172 and 173: different kinds of activity in poli
Page 174 and 175: The third wave and beyond 153 Nairo
Page 176 and 177: The third wave and beyond 155 viole
Page 178 and 179: The third wave and beyond 157 have
Page 180 and 181: The third wave and beyond 159 incid
Page 182 and 183: Earlier in September after the rape
Page 184 and 185: The third wave and beyond 163 Conse
Page 186 and 187: The third wave and beyond 165 refer
Page 188 and 189: The third wave and beyond 167 In Ju
Page 190 and 191: The third wave and beyond 169 great
Page 192 and 193: Figure 9.1 Koe, Koe, Koe (courtesy
Page 194 and 195: The third wave and beyond 173 the r
Page 196 and 197: The third wave and beyond 175 to li
Page 198 and 199: Conclusion The expression ‘Okinaw
Page 200 and 201: Conclusion 179 Diet, the central go
Page 202 and 203: Notes 1 Introduction: a community o
Page 204 and 205: Notes 183 8 Related to this point,
Page 206 and 207: 24 This locates his argument in lin
Page 208 and 209: Notes 187 21 Since 1965, Ienaga has
Page 210 and 211: Notes 189 a foreign - even imperial
Page 212 and 213: 39 Subsequent to the defection of t
Page 214 and 215: Notes 193 poor public transport and
Page 216 and 217: Notes 195 his project of collecting
Page 218 and 219: Notes 197 11 The new law responded
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Notes 199 32 At the time, the US wa
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Notes 201 25 Ui Jun is a scientist
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Notes 203 9 Former Governor Nishime
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Notes 205 Taimususha 1998: 51). Tha
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activities and advises Washington o
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Bibliography 209 Arakawa, A. (2000a
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Bibliography 211 Dower, J. (1971)
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Bibliography 213 Hiyane, T. (1982)
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Bibliography 215 Kawamitsu, S. (199
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Bibliography 217 Melucci, A. (1989)
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Bibliography 219 on the Application
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Bibliography 221 President Nixon an
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Bibliography 223 Region) (Research
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Yamanouchi, Y. (1996) Shisutemu Sha
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Index ‘A’ sign businesses 80, 1
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Funabashi, Y. 155 Futenma air base
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Nago City 49, 178 Nago heliport str
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Ryūkyū kingdom 21, 22-3, 183-4 Ry
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa

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