Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa

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Funabashi, Y. 155 Futenma air base 10, 150, 180, 207; relocation 49, 162–3, 169–70 Gabe, M. 72 Gathering of Kamadu 170, 172 gender framing of protest 106, 107, 150–76 general strike 99–102, 179 Government of the Ryūkyū Islands (GRI) 55–6; Chief Executive election 88–90, 99–100 Gusukuma Seian 31 Habermas, J. 13 Hanashiro Seihan 145 hand-made pamphlets 171, 172 Haneji Chōshū (Shōjōken) 97 Hashimoto, Prime Minister 162 Hatoyama, Prime Minister 73 Heart Dyed in Ocean Colour, The 142 heliport struggle 49, 95–6, 161–75 Henoko 163–4, 165, 204–5 Henoko Life Protection Society 164, 165, 167 Higa Shuhei 57, 64, 65, 72, 73 Higa Tetsuya 164, 173, 205 Higa Yasuo 139–40 Higashionna Kanjun 29 Higashionna Takuma 166, 174–5 High Commissioners 61–2 Himeyuri Peace Memorial Museum 43 Himeyuri Troop 43, 186 hinomaru flag 45, 119, 198 historical narrative of victimization 21 history, myth and 19 Hook, G. 21 ‘House of the Peoples’ incident 27 identity see collective identity Ie-jima farmers’ struggle 53–4, 54, 55, 62–70, 74–5, 143, 190 Ienaga Saburō 44, 187 Iha Fuyū 22, 29–30 IhaYōichi 50 Ikemiyagi Toshio 117, 136–7, 142, 198 Iken Kyōtō (Okinawa Supporting Council for the Legal Actions against Unconstitutionality) 109–11, 119–20, 125, 126 Inamine Keiichi 48, 49, 50–1 industrial promotion 2, 25, 130, 184 informality 20 Inoue, M. 204 Index 229 intellectuals 29, 140–2 international activism 140–2, 152–3, 174–5 International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) 84, 192 Irei Takashi 71, 82, 140, 144 Isahama hamlet 70 Ishihara Masaie 42, 46 Ishihara Shinichirō 133 island-wide struggles 6 Itagaki Taisuke 32 Itokazu Keiko 42–3 Jahana Noboru 8, 22, 31–4, 185 Jannukai 170 Japan 49; annexation and assimilation 8, 21–35; Battle of Okinawa 37–41; ethnic attachment to 87–8, 110; fiscal leverage and general strike 100; and Ie-jima struggle 65–6; postwar pacifism 122–3; residents’ movements 134; reversion see reversion; rise of third wave of protest and 155–6; Ryūkyū disposal 22–3; severance of Okinawa from in 1952 62; solidarity with mainland Japanese protest organizations 93–4; special adjustment budget 158; support for reversion in 73 Japan Communist Party (JCP) 56, 82, 86, 192 Japan-Ryūkyū Common Ancestry Theory 97 Japan Socialist Party (JSP) 93 Japanese Constitution 9, 47, 48, 62, 79, 189; constitutional framing of protest 106–7, 118–25 Japanese language 26–7, 40, 88 Japanese Teachers’ Union (Nikkyōso) 47, 93, 194 Japanese Women’s Association 46 Japanization 28–9 Johnson, C. 8, 161 Johnson, L.B. 90, 93 JPRI 5, 181 Jukkuno Kai (Group of 10 Districts North of Futami against the Heliport) 165–6, 170 Kadena Air Base 43–4, 79, 99, 111; human chain protest 174 Kakazu Hill 43 Kansai Okinawans’ Organization 28 Kant, I. 177 Kawamitsu Akihiro 43
230 Index Kawamitsu Shinichi 98, 194 Kennan, G. 187 Kenrōkyō (Okinawa Prefectural Labour Union Committee) 84–5, 100 Kerama Islands 38 Kin Bay Life Protection Society 131, 134–5, 145, 199 Kin Bay struggle 9–10, 127, 128–32, 133–49; in the lineage of the ‘Okinawa Struggle’ 143–7 Kina Shōkichi 98, 156, 194–5 Kirk, G. 154, 161 Kishi Nobusuke 93 Kishimoto Tateo 95–6 Ko¯dōkai 24, 32 Koe, Koe, Koe pamphlet 171 Kohazu Eikou 34 Kokuba Kōtaro 70 Kokuba-kun incident 81 Konbu hamlet 69, 190 Korea 154 Korean War 55 Koza Livelihood Protection Society 103 Koza riot 102–4, 179 Kunimasa Mie 170, 172 Kurihara, A. 13–14 Kuwae Chōkō 59 Kyan Shinei 57 labour legislation 59 labour movement see unions land acquisition struggle 5, 8–9, 53–76 land committees 59 Land Expropriation Committee 114–15, 157 Land Expropriation Law 114 land lease contracts 62–3, 74; Governor’s signature for anti-war landowners 155, 202–3; Murayama and signing of 157–8 Land Registration Identification Law 113 Landowners Union (Tochiren) 59–60, 108, 196 language 17–19; Japanese language 26–7, 40, 88 learning, shared 15–16 Lévi-Strauss, C. 19, 183 Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) 49, 91 life improvement movement 28–9 lifestyle 137–8 literacy 17–19 litigation 117, 142–3, 201 localist framing of protest 137–40, 148 lump sum payment policy 64, 65, 74 MacArthur, D. 187 Maedomari Shoei 133 Maja 63, 65, 66–9, 74 Makishi Yoshikazu 142, 166 Marine Mammal Commission 206–7 Matayoshi Ichirō 82 materialism 13 Matsukata, Interior Minister 24 Matsuoka Seiho 88 May 15 anniversary 119 McCarthy, J. 14 Meiji government 22–3 Melucci, A. 14, 17, 96, 182 michi-junay 173, 206 middle classes, new 12–13 migration 28 military bases 1–2, 3, 5, 55, 177–8, 181; income from 128–9, 199; ‘Okinawa Initiative’ 178; peace education tours 43–4; source of anger to Okinawans 77, 78–81; women’s movement 151–4; workers 58, 78, 98–9, 102 military conscription 26, 27–8 Minren (Protection of Democracy Communication Council) 82–3 missile practice range 63 Mitsubishi Kaihatsu 131–2 Miyagi Etsujirō 46 Miyagi Harumi 38–9 Miyagi Island Land Protection Society 131 Miyagi Yasuhiro 41, 167, 174, 206–7 Miyako Island 23, 31, 183 Miyako Socialist Party 56 Miyanomori Primary School 79 mokunin kōsakuchi (permitted farming area) scheme 75 Molasky, M. 71 Monbushō 42, 44, 186–7 Morii Yoshikatsu 144 Morris-Suzuki, T. 25 Mukaezato Kiyoshi 136 Murayama Tomi’ichi 157–8 Murphy, R. 141 Muzik, K. 141–2 myth 6–10; myth of Okinawan struggle 31–4, 51–2; storytelling, myth-making and unity 19–20; women’s movement and myth of a unified ‘Okinawan Struggle’ 158–61 Nago Citizens’ Organization for Revitalization and Stimulation 167 Nago Citizens Referendum Promotion Council 167, 169, 170, 206
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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Japan’s Economic Power and Securi
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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For Peter Makiko and Jun Tanji
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Maps and figures Maps A Ryūkyū Is
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xii Acknowledgements and Asian Hist
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Glossary Ampo US-Japan Mutual Secur
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Kume Okinawa Gunto - Oblique Mercat
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1 Northern Training Area 2 Okuma Re
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1 Introduction A community of prote
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Introduction 3 change, disagreement
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Introduction 5 protest community te
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Introduction 7 common, invisible el
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Introduction 9 protests and uprisin
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2 Diversity and unity in the commun
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Diversity and unity 13 industrial s
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Diversity and unity 15 RMT can argu
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Diversity and unity 17 But how, if
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everywhere but most often it ‘pre
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3 Annexation and assimilation Intro
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Annexation and assimilation 23 nine
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economy. Indeed, Japan turned on it
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Annexation and assimilation 27 124)
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Annexation and assimilation 29 Okin
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Annexation and assimilation 31 Jaha
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Annexation and assimilation 33 fund
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Annexation and assimilation 35 fiss
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In relation to the wider theme of t
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The Battle of Okinawa 39 told the r
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a 17,900-square-metres space with 1
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The Battle of Okinawa 43 staged a c
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The Battle of Okinawa 45 In 1983, C
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The Battle of Okinawa 47 anti-war a
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The Battle of Okinawa 49 included d
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alterations and the way in which th
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5 The first wave Opposition to US m
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The first wave 55 military basicall
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The first wave 57 Another major loc
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The first wave 59 much money do the
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The first wave 61 members’ speech
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The first wave 63 of twenty years.
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The first wave 65 GRI Chief Executi
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N Barbed wire fence 0 1 km The firs
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The first wave 69 Figure 5.1 Beggar
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chan incident’ after the name of
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The first wave 73 Price-Report rall
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1955 (Ahagon 1998 [1992]: 32). 44 T
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6 The second wave Introduction Towa
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The second wave 79 improved materia
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ested with the High Commissioner (R
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The second wave 83 the arbitrary US
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The second wave 85 Kenrōkyō. The
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The second wave 87 affirmation of u
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Figure 6.2 Okinawan citizens’ ral
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The second wave 91 The primary inte
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introducing the mainland Japanese e
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The second wave 95 to reconsider re
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The second wave 97 meant to be ‘O
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The second wave 99 clear that Okina
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The second wave 101 The choice the
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The second wave 103 war zone (Ryūk
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Gendered bodies and physical identi
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wave’ of Okinawans’ island-wide
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Iken Kyōtō: successor to the Coun
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The anti-war landowners 111 reversi
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- an original member of the One-tsu
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The anti-war landowners 115 been en
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The anti-war landowners 117 Butai K
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The anti-war landowners 119 Air Bas
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The anti-war landowners 121 refusal
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The anti-war landowners 123 Marxist
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fear of delaying Okinawa’s revers
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8 Kin Bay and Shiraho Introduction
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124ºE 24º30’N 0 20 km N ISHIGAK
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 131 one of the
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 133 In Ishigaki
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 135 We have see
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 137 parties wer
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 139 Figure 8.1
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 141 Konwa-kai).
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 143 required in
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 145 communicati
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thinks that the Shiraho struggle ag
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 149 mainland Ja
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different kinds of activity in poli
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The third wave and beyond 153 Nairo
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The third wave and beyond 155 viole
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The third wave and beyond 157 have
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The third wave and beyond 159 incid
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Earlier in September after the rape
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The third wave and beyond 163 Conse
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The third wave and beyond 165 refer
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The third wave and beyond 167 In Ju
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The third wave and beyond 169 great
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Figure 9.1 Koe, Koe, Koe (courtesy
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The third wave and beyond 173 the r
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The third wave and beyond 175 to li
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Conclusion The expression ‘Okinaw
Page 200 and 201: Conclusion 179 Diet, the central go
Page 202 and 203: Notes 1 Introduction: a community o
Page 204 and 205: Notes 183 8 Related to this point,
Page 206 and 207: 24 This locates his argument in lin
Page 208 and 209: Notes 187 21 Since 1965, Ienaga has
Page 210 and 211: Notes 189 a foreign - even imperial
Page 212 and 213: 39 Subsequent to the defection of t
Page 214 and 215: Notes 193 poor public transport and
Page 216 and 217: Notes 195 his project of collecting
Page 218 and 219: Notes 197 11 The new law responded
Page 220 and 221: Notes 199 32 At the time, the US wa
Page 222 and 223: Notes 201 25 Ui Jun is a scientist
Page 224 and 225: Notes 203 9 Former Governor Nishime
Page 226 and 227: Notes 205 Taimususha 1998: 51). Tha
Page 228 and 229: activities and advises Washington o
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 209 Arakawa, A. (2000a
Page 232 and 233: Bibliography 211 Dower, J. (1971)
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 213 Hiyane, T. (1982)
Page 236 and 237: Bibliography 215 Kawamitsu, S. (199
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 217 Melucci, A. (1989)
Page 240 and 241: Bibliography 219 on the Application
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 221 President Nixon an
Page 244 and 245: Bibliography 223 Region) (Research
Page 246 and 247: Yamanouchi, Y. (1996) Shisutemu Sha
Page 248 and 249: Index ‘A’ sign businesses 80, 1
Page 252 and 253: Nago City 49, 178 Nago heliport str
Page 254 and 255: Ryūkyū kingdom 21, 22-3, 183-4 Ry
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa

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