Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okinawa

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Nago City 49, 178 Nago heliport struggle 49, 96, 161–75 Naha 38, 82, 117, 197 Naha City Council 42 Naha Defence Facilities Bureau 114–15 Naha Military Port strike 58 Nago referendum 10, 163–9, 173–4, 206 Nahakara Zenchū 29 Nakakita, R. 49 Nakamura Fumiko 45–7 Nakamura Jissaku 31 Nakano, Y. 85, 94, 101 Nakasane Genwa 57 Nakasone Isamu 101 Nakasone Seizen 46 Namizato Seiji 63, 66 Narahara Shigeru 31–2 National Historic Preservation Act 175, 207 nationalism 17–18, 188–9; reversion see reversion nationalism Nelson, A. 4, 181 New Ishigaki Airport Construction Examination Group 141, 201 New Ishigaki Airport Construction Promotion Organization 132 New Ishigaki Airport Discussion Committee 140–1, 200 New Ishigaki Airport struggle 9–10, 127, 132–3, 133–49, 199 new social movements 3, 7–8, 116, 180, 182; collective identity and framing of protest 137–40; and diversity 12–19; emergence of 9–10, 127–49; organization and participants 133–7; social movement theory 7–8, 12–19; strategy and repertoire of protest 140–3; third wave 161–75 NGO Beijing 95 Forum Okinawa Action Committee 154–5 Nishime Junji 99 Nixon, R. 101–2 Noike, M. 146 Nuchi du Takara Woman Powers Yarukies 169 nuclear weapons 77, 79, 101 Nye Report 203 Obuchi Keizo 49 ocean 137–8, 146 Oda Makoto 194 Ōe Kenzaburo 34 ‘off limits’ sanctions 73–4, 80, 102 Offe, C. 12 Index 231 offshore boat rallies 86–7 Oguma, E. 29 Okamoto Keitoku 144 Okazawa-Rey, M. 154, 161 Okinawa Agricultural Bank 32, 33 Okinawa Defence Troops 38, 39 Okinawa Democratic League 56, 57 Okinawa Development Agency 129–30 Okinawa Foundation 42, 186 Okinawa Historical Film Society 45–7 Okinawa Human Rights Association 85–6 ‘Okinawa Initiative’ 178 Okinawa International University helicopter crash 180, 207 Okinawa Islands Reversion to the Home Country Preparatory Council 62 Okinawa Jiron 32 Okinawa Kurabu 32–3 Okinawa Marine Exposition 1975 141 Okinawa Peace Committee 116 Okinawa Peace Memorial Museum 36, 43, 48–51 Okinawa Peace Movement Centre 115–16, 165 Okinawa Peace Network 36, 43 Okinawa People’s Party (OPP) 56, 60–1, 82, 94, 110 Okinawa Prefectural Labour Union Committee (Kenrokyo) 84–5, 100 Okinawa Prefecture Council for Reversion to the Home Country see Council for Reversion Okinawa Prefecture Labour Union Committee 164 Okinawa Prefecture Tourist Volunteer Guides’ Society 42, 186 Okinawa Prefecture United Action Communication Conference 116 Okinawa Regeneration and Development Plan 129–30 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 109 Okinawa Socialist Mass Party (OSMP) 57, 60, 61, 82, 94, 110, 121, 198 Okinawa Socialist Party (OSP) 56, 83, 94, 110 Okinawa Teachers’ Association (OTA) 57–8, 87, 91–2, 110 Okinawa, Yaeyama and Shiraho Ocean and Life Protection Group 136, 141, 145 Okinawan Citizens’ Life Protection Coalition 99, 100–1 Okinawan identity, early development of 27–31
232 Index Okinawan Industrial Promotion Plan 25, 130, 184 Okinawan Prefectural Assembly 50–1 Okinawan Principals’ Organization (Kōchōkai)56 Okinawan studies 29 Okinawan Women Act against Military and Violence (OWAAMV) 43, 51, 152, 160–1 Okinawan Women’s Peace Caravan in America 161 Okinawans’ Association 65, 189–90 Okinawans’ Consultative Assembly 188 One-Foot Movement Organization 45–7 One-tsubo anti-war landowners 111–13, 114–15, 117, 118, 126 Ōnishi Masayuki 206–7 Onna village 116–17, 172, 197 oral communication 18–19, 19–20 Ōshiro Fumi 139–40, 200 Ōshiro, N. 39 Ōshiro Shinya 46 Ōta Chōfu 22, 27, 32, 184 Ōta Masahide 23, 25, 46, 133, 164, 203, 206; Battle of Okinawa 37, 38, 39, 40; non-contract owners’ land lease 155, 157–8, 197; revision of SOFA 155; sued by Murayama 158 pacifism 115–16, 122; absolute 8, 36–7, 41–52, 69, 95, 123 ‘palm-tree hell’ 24–5 parliamentary elections 33, 185 peace education tours 41–2, 43–4 ‘peace guides’ 41–4 Peace Memorial Museum 36, 43; debate 48–51 peace movement see pacifism people’s movements 13–14 People’s Rights Movement 8, 31–4 petroleum storage facility 9–10, 127, 128–32, 133–49 Philippines 152, 154, 202 poetry 138–9, 200 poison gas 101 political opportunity structure 15 political organizations, birth of 56–60 political parties 12, 56–7, 82–4, 110, 167–8; see also under individual names politics of sameness 29–30 poll tax 31 post-industrial society 12–13 Prefecture Land Expropriation Committee 114–15, 157 prefecture referendum 157, 158, 203 Preparatory Council for Promoting Reversion 61 ‘preserving old customs’ policy 24–5, 31 Price Report 71–2, 190 print media 17–19 Progressive Attorneys’ Organization 131–2, 199 progressive coalition 9, 106–26 progressive nationalism 86–8, 110 prostitution 40, 80, 152–3, 202 protest community 1–10 public hearings 114–15 Public Property Law 113, 196 Puhvel, J. 7 radio unai festivals 153 rape 158–9, 160–1, 202; land acquisition and 70–1; 1995 case 1, 10, 150, 151–2, 154–5, 158–9, 181; Yumiko-chan (1955) 70–1, 158–9 Reach to the Heart Women’s Voice Network 173, 206 Reardon, B. 161, 204 red soil 133 referendum: citizens’ movement for 163–9; Nago 10, 163–9, 173–4, 206; prefecture 157, 158, 203 Referendum Promotion Council 166–7, 169, 172, 206 Referendum Regulation 167 REIKO 160, 204 Rengō Okinawa 156, 157 repertoires of collective action 15–16, 17; residents’ movements 140–3 repertoires of story-telling 18–19 Republican Party 57 residents’ movements 9–10, 13, 117, 127–49, 198, 200 residents’ rallies 71–2 resource mobilization theory (RMT) 14–15, 16 reversion 5, 9, 13, 77–105, 106, 168; coalition for 81–6; emergence of reversion campaign 60–2; framing of the reversion movement 86–8; growing US incentives for 90–3; land struggle and 72–5 reversion nationalism 77, 86–8, 109–10, 119–20, 179; in crisis 93–8 revisionist history 49 RYCOM (Ryūkyū Command) 54–5 Ryūkyū Democratic Party 57, 73, 82 Ryūkyū disposal 23
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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Japan’s Economic Power and Securi
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Myth, Protest and Struggle in Okina
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For Peter Makiko and Jun Tanji
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Maps and figures Maps A Ryūkyū Is
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xii Acknowledgements and Asian Hist
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Glossary Ampo US-Japan Mutual Secur
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Kume Okinawa Gunto - Oblique Mercat
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1 Northern Training Area 2 Okuma Re
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1 Introduction A community of prote
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Introduction 3 change, disagreement
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Introduction 5 protest community te
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Introduction 7 common, invisible el
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Introduction 9 protests and uprisin
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2 Diversity and unity in the commun
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Diversity and unity 13 industrial s
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Diversity and unity 15 RMT can argu
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Diversity and unity 17 But how, if
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everywhere but most often it ‘pre
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3 Annexation and assimilation Intro
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Annexation and assimilation 23 nine
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economy. Indeed, Japan turned on it
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Annexation and assimilation 27 124)
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Annexation and assimilation 29 Okin
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Annexation and assimilation 31 Jaha
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Annexation and assimilation 33 fund
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Annexation and assimilation 35 fiss
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In relation to the wider theme of t
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The Battle of Okinawa 39 told the r
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a 17,900-square-metres space with 1
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The Battle of Okinawa 43 staged a c
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The Battle of Okinawa 45 In 1983, C
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The Battle of Okinawa 47 anti-war a
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The Battle of Okinawa 49 included d
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alterations and the way in which th
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5 The first wave Opposition to US m
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The first wave 55 military basicall
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The first wave 57 Another major loc
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The first wave 59 much money do the
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The first wave 61 members’ speech
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The first wave 63 of twenty years.
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The first wave 65 GRI Chief Executi
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N Barbed wire fence 0 1 km The firs
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The first wave 69 Figure 5.1 Beggar
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chan incident’ after the name of
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The first wave 73 Price-Report rall
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1955 (Ahagon 1998 [1992]: 32). 44 T
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6 The second wave Introduction Towa
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The second wave 79 improved materia
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ested with the High Commissioner (R
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The second wave 83 the arbitrary US
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The second wave 85 Kenrōkyō. The
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The second wave 87 affirmation of u
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Figure 6.2 Okinawan citizens’ ral
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The second wave 91 The primary inte
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introducing the mainland Japanese e
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The second wave 95 to reconsider re
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The second wave 97 meant to be ‘O
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The second wave 99 clear that Okina
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The second wave 101 The choice the
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The second wave 103 war zone (Ryūk
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Gendered bodies and physical identi
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wave’ of Okinawans’ island-wide
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Iken Kyōtō: successor to the Coun
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The anti-war landowners 111 reversi
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- an original member of the One-tsu
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The anti-war landowners 115 been en
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The anti-war landowners 117 Butai K
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The anti-war landowners 119 Air Bas
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The anti-war landowners 121 refusal
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The anti-war landowners 123 Marxist
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fear of delaying Okinawa’s revers
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8 Kin Bay and Shiraho Introduction
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124ºE 24º30’N 0 20 km N ISHIGAK
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 131 one of the
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 133 In Ishigaki
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 135 We have see
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 137 parties wer
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 139 Figure 8.1
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 141 Konwa-kai).
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 143 required in
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 145 communicati
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thinks that the Shiraho struggle ag
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Kin Bay and Shiraho 149 mainland Ja
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different kinds of activity in poli
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The third wave and beyond 153 Nairo
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The third wave and beyond 155 viole
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The third wave and beyond 157 have
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The third wave and beyond 159 incid
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Earlier in September after the rape
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The third wave and beyond 163 Conse
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The third wave and beyond 165 refer
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The third wave and beyond 167 In Ju
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The third wave and beyond 169 great
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Figure 9.1 Koe, Koe, Koe (courtesy
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The third wave and beyond 173 the r
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The third wave and beyond 175 to li
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Conclusion The expression ‘Okinaw
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Conclusion 179 Diet, the central go
Page 202 and 203: Notes 1 Introduction: a community o
Page 204 and 205: Notes 183 8 Related to this point,
Page 206 and 207: 24 This locates his argument in lin
Page 208 and 209: Notes 187 21 Since 1965, Ienaga has
Page 210 and 211: Notes 189 a foreign - even imperial
Page 212 and 213: 39 Subsequent to the defection of t
Page 214 and 215: Notes 193 poor public transport and
Page 216 and 217: Notes 195 his project of collecting
Page 218 and 219: Notes 197 11 The new law responded
Page 220 and 221: Notes 199 32 At the time, the US wa
Page 222 and 223: Notes 201 25 Ui Jun is a scientist
Page 224 and 225: Notes 203 9 Former Governor Nishime
Page 226 and 227: Notes 205 Taimususha 1998: 51). Tha
Page 228 and 229: activities and advises Washington o
Page 230 and 231: Bibliography 209 Arakawa, A. (2000a
Page 232 and 233: Bibliography 211 Dower, J. (1971)
Page 234 and 235: Bibliography 213 Hiyane, T. (1982)
Page 236 and 237: Bibliography 215 Kawamitsu, S. (199
Page 238 and 239: Bibliography 217 Melucci, A. (1989)
Page 240 and 241: Bibliography 219 on the Application
Page 242 and 243: Bibliography 221 President Nixon an
Page 244 and 245: Bibliography 223 Region) (Research
Page 246 and 247: Yamanouchi, Y. (1996) Shisutemu Sha
Page 248 and 249: Index ‘A’ sign businesses 80, 1
Page 250 and 251: Funabashi, Y. 155 Futenma air base
Page 254 and 255: Ryūkyū kingdom 21, 22-3, 183-4 Ry
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